- Research
- Open Access
- Published:
Modified bar bending method of thoracoscopic nuss procedure on pectus excavatum: a retrospective single-center study
BMC Pediatrics volume 23, Article number: 109 (2023)
Abstract
Background
Pectus excavatum (PE) is the most common disease of chest wall deformity, with an incidence of 1 in 300—400 births. Nuss procedure has proved to be the best surgical treatment method and has been widely used after clinical use for 30 years. We aimed to review the clinical data of pectus excavatum (PE) of thoracoscopic Nuss procedure adopted the Modified bar bending method of the six-point seven-section type, and compare it with the traditional curved bar bending method to explore the clinical application effect.
Methods
Forty-six cases of clinical data were summarized of children with PE who adopted the treatment of the Modified bar bending method of the six-point seven-section type from January 2019 to December 2021, and 51 cases were compared of PE children who adopted the treatment of traditional curved bar bending method from January 2016 to December 2018, including the data of age, gender, preoperative symptoms, symmetry, Haller index, operation time, bar bending time, intraoperative bleeding, postoperative complications, bar migration, postoperative effect evaluation, etc.
Results
The Procedure duration (P = 0.008), bar bending time (P < 0.001), and duration of postoperative pain (P < 0.001) were reduced significantly, and the incidence of bar migration after surgery was reduced as well by the modified bar bending method. There was no difference compared with traditional Nuss produce, like the incidence of evaluation of postoperative effects (Excellent, P = 0.93; Good, P = 0.80; Medium, P = 1.00; Poor, P = 1.00), bar migration (P = 1.00), postoperative complications (P = 1.00), Clavien- Dindo classification of surgical complications (I = 0.165; II = 1.00; IIIa = 1.00; IIIb = 1.00; VI = 1.00; V = 1.00), operative safety, and operative validity.
Conclusion
Modified bar bending method of the six-point seven-section type, which is a kind of surgical method worth applying and popularizing, and the advantages of minimally procedure duration, bar bending time, and duration of postoperative pain, compared with the traditional bar bending method.
Background
Pectus excavatum (PE) is a congenital abnormality, which is characterized by the backward bending of the ribs in the middle and lower sternum and the two sides, causing the anterior chest wall to recess backward into a funnel, with the sex ratio tends to be close to 4–6:1 (male: female) and the incidence rate as high as 2–3/1000 [1, 2]. Additionally, familial inheritance has been recorded, with a familial occurrence rate of 54% [3]. Secondary cardiopulmonary dysfunction, chest pain, dyspnoea, and exercise intolerance can be caused by PE [4,5,6,7]. Besides, the psychological impact of shame, depression, and distress are well known [7].
Surgical correction remains the definitive management of PE, and many procedures have been applied to correct this malformation. Traditionally, the Ravitch procedure is performed, in which the abnormal cartilage is resected, and the sternum is fractured and fixed in a corrected position [7,8,9]. In 1998, the "Nuss procedure" was proposed by Donald Nuss, with the feature of minimal trauma and blood loss, shorter operating time with good postoperative results and satisfaction, and a low rate of complications [10, 11]. Nowadays, the Nuss procedure has become the standard operation for pectus excavatum repair, but it also has some disadvantages.
The bar of the traditional Nuss procedure is bent into an arc generally, and the crest of the arc is used to support the lowest point of the sternum for orthopedics [12]. But this bending method has poor support stability and is prone to bar migration and rotation according to our clinical experience. We present a novel modification to the bending method of Nuss procedure which is the modified bar bending method of the six-point seven-section type.
This study aimed to analyze the efficiency of the intraoperative and postoperative outcomes of the novel modification of the Nuss corrective procedure for the treatment of pectus excavatum in young adolescents at our hospital.
Methods
Patients
The case records of 97 pediatric patients who had undergone traditional or modified method corrective Nuss procedure in the period from January 2016 to December 2021 at the department of pediatric surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, were retrospectively reviewed. Indications for surgery include severe deformity (Haller Index 3.2 or greater), exercise limitations with exertional dyspnea, chest pain, documented decreased pulmonary function, abnormal exercise tolerance testing, symptomatic cardiac compression, and need for future sternotomy. In addition, significant psychosocial and body-image perception problems would also be taken into account when determining the need for surgery. Inclusion criteria were children of both genders with pectus excavatum that had been treated with the Nuss procedure in our institution during the selected study period. Exclusion criteria were patients who had been operated on using other surgical techniques, intraoperative conversion to any other surgical technique, and patients with incomplete data and who had no possibility of providing a long-term satisfaction grade. This study received approval from the Ethics Review Committee of Qilu Hospital of Shandong University on 31 May 2022 (No. KYLL-202205–013) and was carried out in compliance with the ethical standards established in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (2013 edition).
Outcomes of the study and hypothesis
For the primary objective, we hypothesized the incidence of postoperative bar migration of the modified method performs well, whereas the secondary outcomes of the study were operation time, bar bending time, and duration of postoperative pain.
Study protocol
The study was designed as a retrospective observational study with a prospective arm where there was active communication with the patients and their parents or legal guardians to determine the grade of satisfaction. To identify the advantage of the modified method over the traditional method, several variables were recorded to investigate which of them could potentially bring an impact on the outcomes (surgery and patient satisfaction). For this purpose, patients treated with the modified bar bending method of the six-point seven-section type were selected as group A and treated by the traditional curved bar bending method were selected as Group B. The following parameters were analyzed for each patient included in study: age, sex, park type, X-Ray, and CT Haller indexes, the total operation time, bar bending time, operation time, intraoperative blood loss, duration of postoperative pain, the postoperative CRP elevation time, postoperative fever time, antibiotic use time, closed pneumothorax, pleural effusion, pneumonia and pleurisy, bar migration, intraoperative and postoperative complications, and evaluation of postoperative effects (1—excellent, 2—good, 3—medium, 4—poor).
Description of surgery
The patient was under tracheal intubation, general anesthesia, and disinfection routinely who was supine with both upper limbs abduction. The bar size which we selected was measured according to the width of the chest midaxillary lines of the fifth intercostal space.
The modified bar bending method of the six-point seven-section type is as follows: the median line O of the bar is placed horizontally in the fifth intercostal space in coincidence with the sternal median line. The intersection point of the bar and the fifth intercostal chest wall is the outermost bending point of the bar. The points of the left and right ends are marked as A and A' respectively, and the intercostal area is also the position of the bar entering and leaving the chest cavity. There are 2 bending points between AO and A'O, and the right and left sides are marked as B, C, B', and C' respectively. Bending the bar at the mark of A, B, C, A', B', C' according to the degree of sternal depression and chest wall radian. Note that the outer wings of bars A and A' should fit the corresponding chest wall as closely as possible. After bending, the bar presents a prominent shape of six basis points and seven line segments, with a platform rather than the traditional type of circular arc protruding in the middle. Thus, the method is named six-the point seven-section modified bar bending method (Fig. 1).
The shape and schematic diagram of the traditional and modified bar bending method. A The shape of the modified bar bending method of the six-point seven-section type (O point is the midpoint and A, B, C, A', B', C' are the six bending points). B Schematic diagram of the modified bar bending method of the six-point seven-section type. C Schematic diagram of the traditional curved bending bar. D Schematic diagram of the traditional curved bending bar placed in the sternum. E Schematic diagram of the modified bending bar placed in the sternum
Nuss procedure was performed with thoracoscopic after the bar was bent. longitudinal incisions were made in the midaxillary line on both sides. Then the muscle fascia was dissociated and the fixed-wing was placed between the muscle and fascia. Next, pneumothorax was established for thoracoscopic access. Under thoracoscopic surveillance, the mediastinal pleura was cut with an electric coagulator hook to allow the guide through the pleura to establish a tunnel and then the guide was penetrated through the left mediastinal pleura to ensure the safety of the pericardium and heart. Note that the position of the guide through the chest cavity should be consistent with the mark point, where the position simulating the bending bar. And then, using a drainage tube to connect the guide and plastically completed orthopedic bar, which was inserted into the sternum through an extraperitoneal tunnel and turned 180 degrees to complete the orthopedic process. After the lung was fully inflated, the two fixed wings were inserted into the outer wings of both bars respectively. Using the No.10 suture fixed to the muscles, which were covered by the muscle fascia, and then closed the incision layer by layer (Fig. 2).
The key step in surgical procedures. A Electrocoagulation hook was used to cut open the mediastinum parietal pleural and lib appropriately under thoracoscopic surveillance. B The bar is placed through the right thoracic cavity into the mediastinal extrapleural tunnel successfully. C Thoracoscopic transfer to the left thoracic cavity to monitor the safe passage of the guide and bar
Follow-up
After the surgical procedure, the patients are observed in the intensive care unit until they are off opioid intravenous medications and after the eventual early complications are resolved. Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA), using morphine or fentanyl, is started in the operating room and is gradually switched to oral pain medications over the next 2–3 days. Other strategies for controlling postoperative pain include oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): ibuprofen, metamizole sodium hydrate, paracetamol, and anxiolytic/spasmolytics such as diazepam. Stool laxatives and emollients are given to prevent constipation while intravenous fluids and proton pump inhibitors are given to reduce the side effects of oral NSAIDs on the gastrointestinal tract [7]. Patients 12 years old and younger are encouraged to wean off all their pain medications by 7 to 10 days from the time of surgery. Teenage patients generally require 2 to 3 weeks. All patients are expected to be off all pain medicine by 4 weeks after the operation [12].
On the first postoperative day, a chest X-Ray is performed to define possible early complications (pneumothorax, subcutaneous emphysema or effusions) and bar position. Pulmonary function is measured during post-operative visits after correction and during visits after bar removal. Follow-up of outpatient visits were performed at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 months after Nuss surgery and annually until the bar has been removed 2 years. Recurrence is generally evident on physical examination, but is verified radiographically. Patients were screened for surgical complications according to Clavien–Dindo classification [13].
Statistical methods
Measurement data were tested for normality by Shapiro–Wilk, and data conforming to normal distribution were described by median and interquartile ranges (IQR) and t-test was used. And non-normal distribution was represented by the median (minimum to maximum) and the Mann–Whitney U test was used. The count data were represented by the absolute numbers and percentages, and the comparison between groups was performed by χ2 test and two-sided Fisher exact test, where appropriate. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 20.0 software (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA). P < 0.05 was considered statistical significantly.
Results
Forty-six cases of PE children treated with the modified bar bending method of the six-point seven-section type were selected as group A from January 2019 to December 2021. 29 cases (63%) were divided into type I (symmetric) and 17 cases (37%) were divided into type II (asymmetric) according to Park's classification [14]. 35 cases (76%) were male and 11 cases (24%) were female. The median age was 12 (IQR 5, 13). The median Haller index was 5.63 (IQR 4.08, 7.72). 28 (60.9%) patients were with shortness of breath after exercise.
Fifty-one children with PE treated by the traditional curved bar bending method between January 2016 and December 2018 were selected as Group B, and the case data of this group were summarized above. type I (symmetric) in 34 cases (66.7%), type II (asymmetric) in 17 cases (33.3%), male patients in 40 cases (78.4%), and female in 11 cases (21.6%) among the patients. The median age was 12 (IQR 6, 15). The median Haller index is 5.87 (IQR 4.15, 7.95). 32 (60.9%) patients were with shortness of breath after exercise.
There was no difference in Park type (P = 0.71), sex (P = 0.78), age (P = 0.58), Haller index (P = 0.27), or shortness of breath after exercise (P = 0.85). The demographic data of the patients are shown in Table 1.
No statistical difference existed among all indicators, no other associated malformation happened, and no serious cardiopulmonary dysfunction or respiratory tract infection symptoms existed before surgery. Surgery for groups was performed by the same treatment group and a bar was inserted above the two groups. Both groups were operated on without massive bleeding successfully. The intraoperative, postoperative, and follow-up data were summarized and analyzed as follows.
The median (IQR) procedure duration was significantly decreased in group A than Group B( 90 (IQR 70, 110) VS 90 (IQR 70, 110), p = 0.008), which is due to the decrease in bar bending time (14 (IQR 10, 16) VS 23 (IQR 20, 27), P < 0.001). Besides, there was no difference in operation time (74 (IQR 65, 82) VS 75 (IQR 70,85), P = 0.13) and intraoperative blood loss (6 (IQR 3, 8) VS 6 (IQR 4, 8), P = 0.23) between the two groups. The Comparison of intraoperative data is shown in Table 2.
The postoperative CRP elevation time (4 (IQR 3,6) VS 5 (IQR 4,6), P = 0.72), the duration of postoperative fever time (3.1 ± 1.1 VS 3.6 ± 1.5, P > 0.05), and the duration of antibiotic use (7.3 ± 2.1 VS7.4 ± 2.8, P > 0.05) were similar between the two groups without statistical difference. However, the duration of postoperative pain in group A was shorter than that in group B (3.1 ± 1.2 VS 7.5 ± 1.3, P < 0.05). The list of Outcomes after treatment is shown in Table 3.
The evaluation criteria for postoperative effects are as follows:
-
(1) Comparison of chest X-ray lateral radiographs before and after the operation.
-
(2) The flatness and symmetry of thoracic cavity appearance.
-
(3) Satisfaction degree of children and their families.
-
(4) Thorax fullness, extension, and elasticity.
If it meets 4 criteria, it is preferable; 3 are good; 2 are medium; 0 to 1 is poor. As a result, there was no "poor" case in the A and B groups, and there was no statistical difference in the proportion of "excellent", "good" and "medium" cases according to the above evaluation criteria (Fig. 3) (Fig. 4).
A Preoperative presentation of a male patient with pectus excavatum scheduled for corrective Nuss procedure. B Postoperative result of the same patient after surgery. C Preoperative presentation of a female patient with pectus excavatum scheduled for corrective Nuss procedure. D Postoperative result of the same patient after surgery
Early complications were recorded in 19 patients (19.6%), and late complications were reported in 4 (4.1%), while intraoperative complications were not recorded. The most common early complications were closed pneumothorax, followed by pneumonia and pleurisy and poor healing of incision, while two patients had pleural effusion. The most common late complication was bar migration.
For common complications, there was no difference in closed pneumothorax (3 (6.5%) VS 4 (7.8%), P = 1.00), pleural effusion (1 (2.2%) VS 1 (2.0%), P = 1.00), pneumonia and pleurisy (2 (4.3%),4.3% VS 3 (5.9%), P = 1.00) and the incidence of poor incision healing (2 (4.3%) VS 3 (5.9%), P = 1.00) between two groups. As for bar migration, no case happened in group A and 4 (7.8%) cases happened in group B, and there was no difference between the two groups (P = 1.00). The list of complications by patient is shown in Table 4.
The patients with closed pneumothorax and pleural effusions were treated conservatively (antibiotic and corticosteroid therapy) without the need for thoracal drainage and resolved within two weeks. Five cases of pneumonia and pleurisy were treated conservatively with antibiotics. Additionally, all four late bar migrations were less than 40 degrees of rotatory migration (rotational bar movement-torsion) and did not need surgical reintervention. Surgical complications according to Clavien–Dindo classification are shown in Table 5.
Discussion
Pectus excavatum (PE) is the most common disease of chest wall deformity. Although the Nuss procedure has been widely carried out around the world some improvements based on the traditional Nuss procedure can still bring benefits to patients [15]. This study proved that compared with the traditional Nuss procedure, the modified bar bending method of the thoracoscopic Nuss procedure was reduced significantly in the procedure duration, bar bending time, and duration of postoperative time. And there was no difference in the evaluation of postoperative effects, bar migration, postoperative complications, Clavien- Dindo classification of surgical complications, operative safety, and operative validity, compared with traditional Nuss procedure.
Since the introduction of the Nuss procedure, many modifications have been proposed to improve outcomes and safety. But the improvement regarding the bending step was adequate. In our study, several cases of postoperative complications of bar migration happened in traditional Nuss procedure, which prompted us to analyze the phenomenon. The traditional bar is bent into an arc shape, which overemphasizes sternum elevation in the central position [12]. And owing to the power of the sternum elevation being concentrated, the duration of postoperative pain is longer. Besides, the circular shape is required to bend the whole bar severally with bending equipment to adapt to the chest shape, which takes a long time and does more harm to the patients. For children before adolescence, bar shifting incidence is lower on account of the hardness of the sternum and ribs is lower slightly. And the probability of bar migration increased significantly for adolescents alone with the bone growth solidified and muscles getting strong [16]. Thus, the design of the bar could sustain the hard sternum is important affairs. Given the above defects, we improved the design of the modified bar bending method, which is the six-point seven-section type. The advantages of this modified method are as follows:
-
(1) The design of the prominent high point in the center of the bar is changed into the platform shape, which is fully fitted with the dorsal sternum plane, improve stability, and reduce postoperative pain.
-
(2) The whole bar will no longer be folded into an arc shape gradually, and only the six fixed points will be bent. Thus, the bending time of the bar decreased dramatically.
Consulting literature, a series of modifications focused on the parts of measuring the chest, bar selection and configuration, marking the patient, thoracoscopy, subcutaneous tunneling, substernal tunneling, sternal elevation, bar insertion and rotation, bar fixation, pneumothorax evacuation [17]. Anthony I. Squillaro et al. [18] emphasized the importance of chest introducer entry and exit sites as a critical operative step, which is a novel alternative approach to asymmetric pectus excavatum repair. Guoqing Li [19, 20] introduced the modified Nuss procedure operating with right unilateral thoracoscopy and a new bar of fixed bend, which overcomes the necessity of bar turning over with the advantages of less invasive and more safety. The median of total operating time in this article is 70 min, which is shorter than our modified procedure. And the difference also confirm that the time of bending bar cost much time. A. Durry, W. Rainey Johnson, R. Kabbaj et al. [21,22,23] added a subxiphoid incision to improve the visualization of the anterior mediastinum and limit the risk of cardiac or pericardial perforation. But the duration of operation gets longer which could generate complications. There is no difference between the Thoracoscopic extrapleural modification of the Nuss procedure and the standard Nuss procedure [24]. KristaLai et al. [25] described cryoablation as an effective method of postoperative analgesia, and the expectation is that patients will be off opioid analgesics by 1-week postoperatively. And applying cryoablation could decrease the length of stay, control pain, and result in overall cost savings.
While this study proposes a novel alternative bending approach to pectus excavatum repair, the nature of a technical report from a single center and single surgeon experience are key limitations to this technical report. Several items like the incidence of bar migration in our patients and how they relate to the success of our modified method have yet to be analytically examined. A multiple-center prospective study with a large number of cases will be needed to further draw our conclusion.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the modified bar bending method confirms fixed points to bend the bar, which reduces the operation time and duration of postoperative pain, while the safety, the incidence of postoperative bar migration, effectiveness, and satisfactory effect remain the same. Apart from this, the modified method shows the characteristics of a minimally invasive Nuss procedure. Thus, the modified surgical method is worthy of popularization and application.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and analyzed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Sayan B, Bekiroglu N, Yuksel M. Pectus cross bars increase hospital readmission rates due to serous pleural effusion. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2022;70(4):352–8.
Fonkalsrud EW. Open repair of pectus excavatum with minimal cartilage resection. Ann Surg. 2004;240(2):231–5.
Kloth K, Klohs S, Bhullar J, Boettcher M, Hempel M, Trah J, Reinshagen K. The Epidemiology behind pectus excavatum: clinical study and review of the literature. Eur J Pediatr Surg : Official J Austrian Assoc Pediatr Surg [et Al] = Zeitschrift Fur Kinderchirurgie. 2022;32(4):316–20.
Zens TJ, CasarBerazaluce AM, Jenkins TM, Hardie W, Alsaied T, Tretter JT, Moore R, Foster K, Fleck RJ, Hanke RE, et al. The severity of pectus excavatum defect is associated with impaired cardiopulmonary function. Ann Thorac Surg. 2021;114(3):1015–21.
Ramadan S, Wilde J, Tabard-Fougère A, Toso S, Beghetti M, Vallée J-P, Corbelli R, Barazzone-Argiroffo C, Lascombes P, Ruchonnet-Métrailler I. Cardiopulmonary function in adolescent patients with pectus excavatum or carinatum BMJ Open. Respir Res. 2021;8(1):e001020.
Redding GJ, Kuo W, Swanson JO, Phillips GS, Emerson J, Yung D, Swanson JW, Sawin RS, Avansino JR. Upper thoracic shape in children with pectus excavatum: impact on lung function. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013;48(8):817–23.
Jukić M, Mustapić I, Šušnjar T, Pogorelić Z. Minimally Invasive Modified Nuss Procedure for Repair of Pectus Excavatum in Pediatric Patients: Single-Centre Retrospective Observational Study. Children (Basel). 2021;8(11):1071.
Beltran R, Veneziano G, Bhalla T, Kenney B, Tumin D, Bissonnette B, Tobias JD. Postoperative pain management in patients undergoing thoracoscopic repair of pectus excavatum: A retrospective analysis of opioid consumption and adverse effects in adolescents. Saudi J Anaesth. 2017;11(4):427–31.
Zuidema WP, van der Steeg AFW, Oosterhuis JWA, van Heurn E. Trends in the treatment of pectus excavatum in the Netherlands. Eur J Pediatr Surg : Official J Austrian Assoc of Pediatr Surg [et Al] = Zeitschrift Fur Kinderchirurgie. 2021;31(3):261–5.
Brungardt JG, Chizek PW, Schropp KP. Adult pectus excavatum repair: national outcomes of the Nuss and Ravitch procedures. J Thorac Dis. 2021;13(3):1396–402.
Garzi A, Prestipino M, Rubino MS, Di Crescenzo RM, Calabrò E. Complications of the “Nuss Procedure” In Pectus Excavatum. Transl Med UniSa. 2020;22:24–7.
Kelly RE, Goretsky MJ, Obermeyer R, Kuhn MA, Redlinger R, Haney TS, Moskowitz A, Nuss D. Twenty-one years of experience with minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum by the Nuss procedure in 1215 patients. Ann Surg. 2010;252(6):1072–81.
Dindo D, Demartines N, Clavien P-A. Classification of surgical complications: a new proposal with evaluation in a cohort of 6336 patients and results of a survey. Ann Surg. 2004;240(2):205–13.
Park HJ, Lee SY, Lee CS, Youm W, Lee KR. The Nuss procedure for pectus excavatum: evolution of techniques and early results on 322 patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;77(1):289–95.
Torre M, Guerriero V, Wong MCY, Palo F, Lena F, Mattioli G. Complications and trends in minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum: A large volume, single institution experience. J Pediatr Surg. 2021;56(10):1846–51.
Liu Q, Wang W, Hong C, Liu W, Liu Y, Shang Z, Tang J, Liu C, Liu Y. Effect of minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum on postoperative chest flatness, cardiopulmonary function, and bone metabolism indexes in children at different ages. Am J Transl Res. 2022;14(6):3955–63.
Kelly RE. Modifications and further development of the original nuss procedure: blessing or curse? Eur J Pediatr Surg : Official J Austrian Assoc Pediatr Surg [et Al] = Zeitschrift Fur Kinderchirurgie. 2018;28(4):304–19.
Squillaro AI, Melhado C, Ozgediz D, Idowu O, Palmer B, Kim S. Minimally invasive repair of asymmetric pectus excavatum: An alternative technique to treating asymmetric morphology. J Pediatr Surg. 2022;57(6):1079–82.
Li H, Wang F, Ji G, Teng J, Liang X, Liang X, Ni D, Zhu Z, Wu J, Guan X, et al. Modified Nuss procedure for the treatment of pectus excavatum: Experience of 259 patients. Asian J Surg. 2023;46(2):692-97.
Liu S, Wang L, Zhang H, Zeng W, Hu F, Xiao H, Li G, Mei J, Zhu J. Modified Nuss procedure with a novel steel bar in patients with pectus excavatum post-congenital heart surgery. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2022;34(3):424–30.
Durry A, Gomes Ferreira C, Tricard T, Gicquel P, Becmeur F. Minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum in children: Results of a modified Nuss procedure. Ann Chir Plast Esthet. 2017;62(1):8–14.
Johnson WR, Fedor D, Singhal S. A novel approach to eliminate cardiac perforation in the nuss procedure. Ann Thorac Surg. 2013;95(3):1109–11.
Kabbaj R, Burnier M, Kohler R, Loucheur N, Dubois R, Jouve JL. Minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum using the Nuss technique in children and adolescents: indications, outcomes, and limitations. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2014;100(6):625–30.
Pajić M, Vidovič D, Jokić R, Antić J, Čubrić N, Fratrić I, Bukarica S, Komarčević A, Milenković M. Comparison of the Standard vs. Thoracoscopic Extrapleural Modification of the Nuss Procedure-Two Centers’ Experiences. Children (Basel). 2022;9(4):557.
Lai K, Notrica DM, McMahon LE, Kang P, Molitor MS, Egan JC, Bae J-O, Hunteman ZM, Ostlie DJ, Lee JH, et al. Cryoablation in 350 Nuss procedures: Evolution of hospital length of stay and opioid use. J Pediatr Surg. 2022. Published online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2022.10.051.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
No funding was received for this article.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
J.H. wrote the main manuscript. Y.M. and D.W. participated in data analysis. Q.X. prepared the figures. J.W. participated in research design. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Review Committee of Qilu Hospital of Shandong University on 31 May 2022, and the Ethical Approval No. KYLL-202205–013. Written informed consent to participate in this study was provided by the participant’s legal guardian/next of kin. And I confirm that all methods were performed by the relevant guidelines and regulations.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
About this article
Cite this article
Han, J., Mou, Y., Wang, D. et al. Modified bar bending method of thoracoscopic nuss procedure on pectus excavatum: a retrospective single-center study. BMC Pediatr 23, 109 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-023-03909-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-023-03909-2
Keywords
- Pectus Excavatum
- Nuss procedure
- Funnel chest
- Adolescent