Table 5 Risk Factors Associated With OOP: Results of Univariate and Multivariable Analysis

Gender ^#

  Male

120

(55.6%)

20

(38.5%)

Ref

Ref

Ref

Ref

  Female

96

(44.4%)

32

(61.5%)

2 (1.076—3.717)

0.028

0.244

(0.068—0.876)

0.030

GA (weeks) @

29.0

(28.0–31.0)

28.0

(27.0–28.0)

0.656 (0.532—0.808)

 < 0.001

0.695

(0.483—0.999)

0.050

BW (gm) @

1200.0

(850.0–1420.0)

955.0

(800.0–1400.0)

0.999 (0.998—1)

0.011

-

-

Maternal parity level ^#

  Low < 2

122 (56.5%)

34 (65.4%)

Ref

Ref

-

-

  Moderate 2–4

64 (29.6%)

8 (15.4%)

0.449 (0.196—1.026)

0.048

-

-

  High > 4

30 (13.9%)

10 (19.2%)

1.196 (0.532—2.69)

0.665

-

-

Caffeine therapy

  Duration of therapy (days) ##

27.7 ± 0.8

28.0 ± 0.0

-

-

-

-

  Cumulative dose (mg) @

74.8

(70.0–80.0)

110.2

(96.0–125.0)

1.159

(1.112—1.209)

 < 0.001

1.082

(1.011—1.157)

0.022

  Maximum daily dose (mg/kg/day) @

5.5

(5.0–7.0)

10.0

(7.5–10.0)

5.668

(3.27—9.826)

 < 0.001

2.892

(1.392—6.007)

0.004

Concomitant therapy and risk factors of Osteopenia

  Duration of PN (days) ^##

8.5 ± 5.2

8.8 ± 5.4

1.012 (0.955—1.071)

0.692

-

-

used steroids ^#

  No

160 (74.1%)

38 (73.1%)

Ref

Ref

-

-

  Yes

56 (25.9%)

14 (26.9%)

1.053 (0.531—2.086)

0.883

-

-

used diuretics ^#

  No

50 (23.1%)

16 (30.8%)

Ref

Ref

-

-

  Yes

166 (76.9%)

36 (69.2%)

0.678 (0.347—1.322)

0.254

-

-

used Phenobarbital ^#

  No

176 (81.5%)

44 (84.6%)

Ref

Ref

-

-

  Yes

40 (18.5%)

8 (15.4%)

0.8 (0.35—1.831)

0.597

-

-

used Paralytic agent ^#

  No

206 (95.4%)

48 (92.3%)

Ref

Ref

-

-

  Yes

10 (4.6%)

4 (7.7%)

1.717 (0.516—5.707)

0.378

-

-

Cumulative steroid dose (mg/kg) ^##

1.0 ± 1.1

1.1 ± 0.9

1.08 (0.633—1.844)

0.777

-

-

Days of paralytic drug ^##

1.0 ± 0.0

1.0 ± 0.0

-

-

-

-

Comparison of mean phosphorous intake (mg/kg) ^##

  week 1

45.6 ± 14.0

40.8 ± 13.4

0.976 (0.955—0.998)

0.027

-

-

  week 2

50.3 ± 23.0

47.7 ± 21.9

0.999 (0.986—1.012)

0.023

-

-

  week 3

63.8 ± 21.5

60.7 ± 23.5

0.998 (0.985—1.011)

0.12

-

-

  week 4

78.3 ± 26.8

74.7 ± 22.0

0.999 (0.986—1.012)

0.032

-

-

Comparison of mean calcium intake (mg/kg) ^##

  week 1

164.9 ± 93.9

162.4 ± 91.2

1 (0.996—1.003)

0.864

-

-

  week 2

212.9 ± 93.9

210.4 ± 91.2

1 (0.996—1.003)

0.864

-

-

  week 3

239.9 ± 93.9

237.4 ± 91.2

1 (0.996—1.003)

0.864

-

-

  week 4

212.9 ± 93.9

210.4 ± 91.2

1 (0.996—1.003)

0.864

-

-

Comparison of mean vitamin D intake (IU) ^##

  week 1

548.3 ± 78.0

544.7 ± 85.3

0.999 (0.996—1.003)

0.772

-

-

  week 2

561.3 ± 78.0

557.7 ± 85.3

0.999 (0.996—1.003)

0.772

-

-

  week 3

569.1 ± 79.9

570.2 ± 72.9

1 (0.996—1.004)

0.927

-

-

  week 4

558.0 ± 82.9

557.7 ± 85.3

1 (0.996—1.004)

0.981

-

-