Skip to main content
Download PDF

Do different foot types affect the 6-min walk test capacity of younths with Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy ?

BMC Pediatrics volume 22, Article number: 277 (2022) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

The present study aimed to assess the gait capacity of youths with Charcot Marie Tooth disease (CMT), considering the different foot postures as a grouping variable. 

Methods

The total distance, the predicted distance, and gait velocity obtained during the six-minute walking test (6MWT) were compared between participants with and without CMT. In addition, part of the CMT group completed a 12-month follow-up. The study evaluated 63 participants (CMT group = 31; Non-CMT group = 32) aged 6 to 18, both sexes. Data included anthropometric measures, foot posture index (FPI), the distance (D6), percentage of predicted distance (%D6), and walking velocity(V) in 6MWT.

Results

The D6% presented no significant difference between the types of feet in CMT or Non-CMT (p < 0.05, Kruskal Wallis test). CMT presented reduced values of D6, %D6, and V when compared to Non-CMT.

Conclusions

These findings indicate that gait performance was decreased in youths with CMT in comparison to non-CMT. Contrary to what was expected, the cavus foot type did not show lower gait capacity than the flatfoot, suggesting that the types of feet alone did not determine differences in gait capacity within the CMT group

Peer Review reports

Introduction

The foot deformities have a high incidence in Charcot Marie Tooth disease (CMT), with more than 70% of cases presenting cavus [1, 2]. Despite the varied genotypes, CMT subtypes have typical signs and symptoms, such as distal muscle weakness, sensory and myotatic ankle reflexes changes, as well as hand deformities [3, 4] From a functional perspective, children with CMT have decreased walking ability and physical activity [5], which in due course impair participation in daily activities and gradually decrease quality of life [6, 7].

For children with CMT, changes in gait and kinematics of gait are relatively well documented [8,9,10], and a deterioration in performance in the 6-min walk test (6MWT) associated with musculoskeletal changes in the lower limbs in a longitudinal study [5]. However, it is unclear whether the different foot postures or foot deformities affect the gait capacity. Unlike adults affected by the disease, children with CMT still do not have defined foot posture patterns nor defined deformities since aspects of the biomechanical musculoskeletal development coexist with anomalies peculiar to the current disease itself.

Inferring about gait capacity of different foot types from timed tests, such as 6MWT, has the advantages of having a low cost, speed, and broad clinical applicability compared to other instrumentalized evaluations. The 6MWT mainly evaluates ambulation ability and aerobic resistance at a submaximal level [11] and was adapted from the running test for healthy people lasting 12 min. The 6MWT has good reliability and sensitivity in adults with CMT [12, 13] and other neurological diseases [14,15,16], establishing relationships with global measures of functional impairment [12, 17], with postural balance and the ability to develop physical activities [13]. Reference values of the pediatric population about the 6MWT are available in the literature for specific age groups [18,19,20,21,22]. The 6MWT speed in healthy children increases with height [22,23,24]. Children with CMT present low walking velocity [10], and a study developed by Kennedy et al. (2017) [5] describes that the performance in 6MWT was inversely proportional to age; that is, the greater the age, the shorter distance traveled in 6MWT and attributed this finding to the disease progression along with somatic growth. Therefore, detecting changes resulting from pathological conditions in children with CMT through further investigations about 6MWT data, considering their feet types or deformities, can guide the selection of therapeutic procedures that prevent the decrease in gait capacity before adulthood. Our hypothesis considers that children with CMT and cavus feet should have a reduced distance in 6MWT than those with flat or normal feet.

In this context, the present study aimed to assess the gait capacity with the 6MWT, considering the different foot types as a grouping variable of children and adolescents with CMT. Comparisons between participants with CMT considered the physical variables obtained in 6MWT according to foot types (normal, cavus, and pronated). Moreover, comparisons tested differences between CMT participants and their unaffected peers. Finally, the study also carried out a 12-month follow-up on participants with CMT.

Materials and methods

The Ethical Committee approved this study of the Clinics Hospital of Ribeirão Preto Medical School—University of São Paulo (process 14,904/2014). The parents and the patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.

The participants diagnosed with CMT (n = 31) from the Neurogenetics Clinic—(ANGE) of HCFMRP-USP were recruited and evaluated between August 2016 and February 2020. Another age-matched non-affected participant (n = 32) came from a private school in the city of Ribeirão Preto. Intergroup analyzes involved 63 participants, 31 from the CMT group and 32 from the Non-CMT group. The follow-up analysis included 12 participants with CMT who underwent assessment 1 (EV1) and a second assessment (EV2) after 12 months (maximum of 14 months and a minimum of 10 months).

Inclusion criteria for all participants were: age between 6 and 18 years, independent walking, without previous foot and ankle surgery. After acceptance, anthropometric data, Foot Posture Index (FPI)_ [25, 26] and the 6MWT, according to a modified version of American Thoracic Society (ATS) [11] were collected at the HCFMRP – USP Rehabilitation Center.

The 6MWT occurred on a 20-m course with a flat surface. Verbal reinforcement was provided every minute to walk as fast as possible without running. For monitoring and safety, blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation were recorded in resting conditions immediately after the 6-min test ended, 10 min after the test (recovery period). The obtained variables were total distance covered (D6), the percentage of the predicted distance (D6%) obtained using the Geiger equations (for males D6% = 196.72 + (39.81 Age)—(1.36 Age2) + (132.28 Height; for females D6% = 188.61 + (51.50 Age)—(1.86 Age2) + (86.10 Height), and the average velocity (V).

The Foot Posture Index (FPI) was applied to classify the foot types [25, 26]. Photographs of the feet were obtained in an orthostatic position using a Samsung 301 camera positioned 20 cm from the participant. The evaluated items were the talar head position, curves above and below the lateral malleolus, calcaneal inversion, and eversion, talonavicular prominence, congruence of the medial longitudinal arch, and forefoot abduction and adduction over the hindfoot. The total score results from the sum of the items previously mentioned and can vary from -12 to 12, with 0 to 5 (normal foot), from 6 to 9 (pronated foot), from 10 to 12 (very pronated foot), from -1 to—4 (supinated foot) and from -5 to -12 (very supinated foot) [26].

The initial exploratory analysis used the SPSS program (version 17.0) to identify the behavior of the variables of interest: distance covered (D6), percentage of the predicted distance (D6%), average velocity (V), and FPI. The Shapiro Wilk test verified whether the variables had a normal distribution. Subsequently, an intergroup evaluation compared the 6MWT of participants with CMT with their healthy peers using the Mann–Whitney U test considering the D6, D6% based on a predictive equation (Geiger et al. 2007) and V. To assess the differences in the follow-up of the CMT group, the Student t-test paired compared the D6% data obtained at two different moments (EV1 vs. EV2). The Kruskal Wallis test tested D6 differences according to the types of feet, respecting the inserted group (CMT or Non-CMT).

Results

Sample characterization

Anthropometric characteristics of the CMT and Non-CMT groups are in Table 1, and, according to the results of the T-Student test, there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of age, weight, and height. As for the type of foot, there was a predominance of supinated feet in CMT, while neutral feet predominated in Non-CMT (Table 1).

Table 1 Anthropometric data (sex, age, weight, height, and foot type) of the CMT and Non-CMT groups
Full size table

Intra-group analysis: comparisons of 6MWT values according to the foot type.

The foot types found in the CMT group did not show significant differences in the D6% (p < 0.05, Kruskal Wallis test) (Table 2). Similarly, the Non-CMT group also did not show significant differences in D6% according to the foot types (Table 2).

Table 2 D6% values of the CMT and Non-CMT group according to the foot types
Full size table

Inter-group analysis: comparisons of 6MWT values between CMT and Non-CMT group

The comparison of the CMT with the Non-CMT group, regardless of the foot type, showed significant differences in D6, D6%. and V (Mann–Whitney U test. p < 0.05). The CMT group showed lower values than Non-CMT, suggesting reduced gait capacity of the CMT group (Table 3).

Table 3 Comparison of the total distance covered (D6). the percentage of the total distance covered to the predicted (D6%). and average gait speed (V) between the groups
Full size table

CMT group follow-up

In 12 months, re-evaluation comprised twelve participants in the CMT group, and there was a significant difference in weight and height between the evaluations (EV1—weight = 46.9 kg, SD = 16.47; height = 1.48 m, SD = 0.14 and EV2—weight = 51.34 kg, SD = 16.42; height = 1.54 m, SD = 0,14). However, there was no significant difference in physical variables between EV1 and EV2 (EV1 mean values: D6 = 446 m, SD = 61.46; D6% 68.73, SD 9.1, and V = 1.2 m/s, SD = 0,18; EV2 (mean values: D6 = 464 m, SD = 54.68; D6% 69.91, SD8.2. and V = 1.3 m/s, SD = 0.13).

Discussion

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the different types of feet of youths with CMT would differ in terms of gait capacity measured through the 6MWT. The hypothesis was that cavus foot, highly prevalent in CMT [1] could have reduced performance compared to other types of feet has not been confirmed. However, the 6MWT of participants with CMT was significantly decreased when compared to their healthy peers. Furthermore, the 12-month follow-up showed no significant changes in the CMT group, both in the distance covered in absolute values (D6) and in the percentage of the predicted distance (D6%) extracted from the 6MWT.

Regarding the foot type, the term "normal" was applied in the present study and respected the original designation used in the FPI, in which scores from 0 to 5 denote a structurally aligned foot. In the healthy children population, the prevalence of pronated feet varies from 0.6 to 77.9%, with a tendency to decline overgrowth [27, 28]. The occurrence of the foot types in our study is in line with the literature because 87.50% of our Non-CMT group had normal feet [28, 29]. Participants with CMT showed a predominance of supinated feet (54.84%), as it also corroborates the findings related to the disease [1, 30, 31]. Comparing the foot types with the percentages of the distances predicted in the 6MWT did not reveal significant differences. Such results suggest that the reduced gait capacity in terms of distance and mean velocity is present in children with CMT, regardless of their foot type.

Because it is a complex disease, neuromotor impairments, muscle weakness, and distal somatosensory losses may add up to produce balance and gait deficits [32]. Among the various associations tested by Estilow et al. (2019) [32], the deformities of the feet of children with CMT had a weak association with a balance subscale (BOT-2. Bruinicks Oseretsky test), and as for the 6MWT, participants with cavus feet had the worst results. The foot type classification using the FPI occurs in a static condition; it may not reflect the foot's behavior in dynamic conditions, according to a study of radiological data and kinematics [33]. Another factor to be considered is that our study participants, unlike adults with CMT, are still developing their deformities. For this reason, there seems to be a limited impact on gait capacity, or the participants who manage to perform 6MWT tend to be those with mild and moderate impairment, similarly to what occurred in a study with adult CMT [13]. Besides, children with CMT appear to develop various compensatory walking strategies, such as increased hip and knee flexion in the swing phase [8, 10]; with that, they manage to maintain performance in 6MWT.

The intra-group analysis (EV1 vs. EV2) did not detect changes in the physical variables of the 6MWT, despite the significant changes that occurred in somatic growth. Thus, the interpretation of these findings pointed to worsening in the locomotor performance for CMT after 12 months since the 6MWT remained lower than predicted values. For Kennedy et al. (2017) [5], the decrease in 6MWT values in 12 months was evident. It is noteworthy that phenotypic variability allows varying levels of gait impairment [4], and it is not easy to select studies that are comparable with each other regarding the frequency of CMT subtypes. Age was not a clustering factor in our study, while Kennedy et al. (2017) [5] subdivided their participants into two age groups (older and challenging than 12 years). There were decreases in 6MWT only in participants older than 12 years [5]. Our follow-up included a restricted number of participants (n = 12) with a majority between 6 and 12 years of age (n = 8), a reason to explain our attenuated results.

Considering that distal deformities in childhood and adolescence are still ongoing and the classification of foot types is limited to static conditions, the results of the present study prompt us to find other factors that determine a subnormal locomotor performance of the youth with CMT. Such factors could involve signs and symptoms present in CMT since childhood, such as pain resulting from foot deformities, muscle weakness, fatigue in the lower limbs, or even a reduction in confidence and fear of falls.

As limitations of our study, it is worth noting the inexpressive number of supinated feet in the non-CMT group (n = 2) when compared to the CMT group, which restricted the comparison using 6MWT data. Another limitation was the age group, which can be considered broad-based on the sample size. It was impossible to subdivide participants by adopting two age groups (minors and over 12 years old) to advocate distinct development in the feet of children and adolescents [34] or to allow comparisons with the available literature[5]. The use of %D6 helped to overcome this last limitation.

Conclusion

Analyzed in isolation, the types of feet classified by the FPI did not determine differences in gait capacity between participants with CMT, assessed by the 6MWT. However, gait capacity was reduced in participants with CMT to their unaffected peers and predicted values. The stagnation of 6MWT values in the 12-month follow-up of participants with CMT should be considered a negative result in the light of somatic and motor development.

Availability of data and materials

We declare that all the raw data supporting the conclusions of this article are included in its supplementary information files.

References

  1. Laurá M, Singh D, Ramdharry G, Morrow J, Skorupinska M, Pareyson D, et al. Prevalence and orthopedic management of foot and ankle deformities in Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease. Muscle Nerve. 2018;57(2):255–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Cornett KMD, Menezes MP, Shy RR, Moroni I, Pagliano E, Pareyson D, et al. Natural history of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease during childhood. Ann Neurol. 2017;82(3):353–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Pareyson D, Saveri P, Pisciotta C. New developments in Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy and related diseases. Curr Opin Neurol. 2017;30(5):471–80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Cornett KMD, Menezes MP, Bray P, Halaki M, Shy RR, Yum SW, et al. Phenotypic Variability of Childhood Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease. JAMA Neurol. 2016;73(6):645.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Kennedy R, Carroll K, Paterson KL, Ryan MM, McGinley JL. Deterioration in gait and functional ambulation in children and adolescents with Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease over 12 months. Neuromuscul Disord. 2017;27(7):658–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Menotti F, Laudani L, Damiani A, Macaluso A. Amount and intensity of daily living activities in Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A patients. Brain Behav. 2014;4(1):14–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Ramdharry GM, Reilly-O’Donnell L, Grant R, Reilly MM. Frequency and circumstances of falls for people with Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease: A cross sectional survey. Physiother Res Int. 2018;23(2):1–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Õunpuu S, Garibay E, Solomito M, Bell K, Pierz K, Thomson J, et al. A comprehensive evaluation of the variation in ankle function during gait in children and youth with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Gait Posture. 2013;38(4):900–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Ferrarin M, Bovi G, Rabuffetti M, Mazzoleni P, Montesano A, Pagliano E, et al. Gait pattern classification in children with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A. Gait Posture. 2012;35(1):131–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Pogemiller K, Garibay E, Pierz K, Acsadi G, Õunpuu S. Comparison of gait patterns and functional measures between Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type I and II in children to young adults. Gait Posture. 2020;77(January):236–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Crapo RO, Casaburi R, Coates AL, Enright PL, MacIntyre NR, McKay RT, et al. ATS statement: Guidelines for the six-minute walk test. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166(1):111–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Maggi G, Monti Bragadin M, Padua L, Fiorina E, Bellone E, Grandis M, et al. Outcome measures and rehabilitation treatment in patients affected by charcot-marie-tooth neuropathy: a pilot study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;90(8):628–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Mori L, Prada V, Signori A, Pareyson D, Piscosquito G, Padua L, et al. Outcome measures in the clinical evaluation of ambulatory Charcot-Marie-Tooth 1A subjects. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2019;55(1):47–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Knak KL, Andersen LK, Witting N, Vissing J. Reliability of the 2- and 6-minute walk tests in neuromuscular diseases. J Rehabil Med. 2017;49(4):362–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Mcdonald CM, Henricson EK, Abresch RT, Florence JM, Eagle M, Gappmaier E, et al. THE 6-minute walk test and other endpoints in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Longitudinal natural history observations over 48 weeks from a multicenter study. Muscle Nerve. 2013;48(3):343–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Macchiavelli A, Giffone A, Ferrarello F, Paci M. Reliability of the six-minute walk test in individuals with stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurol Sci. 2020;42:81–7.

  17. Mazzone ES, Pane M, Sormani MP, Scalise R, Berardinelli A, Messina S, et al. 24 Month Longitudinal Data in Ambulant Boys with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(1):4–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Cacau L de AP, de Santana-Filho VJ, Maynard LG, Neto G. M, Fernandes M, Carvalho VO. Reference Values for the Six-Minute Walk Test in Healthy Children and Adolescents: a Systematic Revie. Brazilian J Cardiovasc Surg. 2016;31(5):381–8.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Goemans N, Klingels K, Van Den Hauwe M, Boons S, Verstraete L, Peeters C, et al. Six-minute walk test: Reference values and prediction equation in healthy boys aged 5 to12 years. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e84120.

  20. Lammers a E, Hislop a a, Flynn Y, Haworth SG. The 6-minute walk test: normal values for children of 4–11 years of age. Arch Dis Child. 2008;93(6):464–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Klepper SE, Muir N. Reference Values on the 6-Minute Walk Test for Children Living in the United States. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2011;23(1):32–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Li AM, Yin J, Au JT, So HK, Tsang T, Wong E, et al. Standard reference for the six-minute-walk test in healthy children aged 7 to 16 years. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;176(2):174–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Geiger R, Strasak A, Treml B, Gasser K, Kleinsasser A, Fischer V, et al. Six-minute walk test in children and adolescents. J Pediat. 2007;150(4):395–9 399.e1–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. ÖZCAN KAHRAMAN B, YÜKSEL E, NALBANT A, KOÇAK UZ, ÜNVER B. Reference values and prediction equation for the 6-minute walk test in healthy children aged 6–12 years old. TURKISH J Med Sci. 2019;49(4):1126–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Redmond AC, Crosbie J, Ouvrier RA. Development and validation of a novel rating system for scoring standing foot posture : The Foot Posture Index. 2006;21:89–98.

  26. Redmond AC, Crane YZ, Menz HB. Normative values for the Foot Posture Index. J Foot Ankle Res. 2008;1(1):1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Pfeiffer M, Kotz R, Ledl T, Sluga M. Prevalence of Flat Foot in Preschool-Aged Children. 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Gijon-Nogueron G, Montes-Alguacil J, Alfageme-Garcia P, Cervera-Marin JA, Morales-Asencio JM, Martinez-Nova A. Establishing normative foot posture index values for the paediatric population: a cross-sectional study. J Foot Ankle Res. 2016;9(1):24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Redmond AC, Crane YZ, Menz HB. Normative values for the Foot Posture Index. 2008;9:1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Burns J, Ryan MM, Ouvrier R a. Evolution of foot and ankle manifestations in children with CMT1A. Muscle Nerve. 2009;39(2):158–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Wines AP, Chen D, Lynch B, Stephens MM. Foot deformities in children with hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy. J Pediatr Orthop. 2005;25(2):241–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Estilow T, Glanzman AM, Burns J, Harrington A, Cornett K, Menezes MP, et al. Balance impairment in pediatric Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease. Muscle Nerve. 2019;60(3):242–9.

  33. Lewis KD, Böhm H, Döderlein L, Fujak A, Dussa CU, Agarwala P, et al. Is there a correlation between static radiographs and dynamic foot function in pediatric foot deformities? Foot Ankle Surg. 2020;26(3):801–9.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Müller S, Carlsohn A, Müller J, Baur H, Mayer F. Static and dynamic foot characteristics in children aged 1–13 years: A cross-sectional study. Gait Posture. 2012;35(3):389–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank all participants and families. Professor Wilson Marques Jr and his staff (ANGE- Neurogenetics clinic of Hospital das Clinicas—Ribeirão Preto Medical School- University of São Paulo).

Funding

This work was funded by CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) (A.C.M.S is fellow of the CNPq—Process:308073/2015–0). CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil) (scholarship of J.C), PUB- USP (Unified Scholarship Program for Undergraduate Students – University of São Paulo) (scholarship of B.G), FAPESP (Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, process) (scholarship B.P.B).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Structure and Function, Department of Health Science of Ribeirão Preto Medical School (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil

    Cyntia Rogean de Jesus Alves de Baptista, Beatriz Garcia, Beatriz Parra Buzzetti & Ana Claudia Mattiello-Sverzut

  2. Rehabilitation and Functional Performance Program Ribeirão Preto Medical School (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil

    Juliana Cardoso, Adriana Nascimento Elias & Ana Claudia Mattiello-Sverzut

  3. Paulista University and Moura Lacerda University, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil

    Adriana Nascimento Elias

Authors
  1. Cyntia Rogean de Jesus Alves de Baptista
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Beatriz Garcia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Juliana Cardoso
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Adriana Nascimento Elias
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Beatriz Parra Buzzetti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Ana Claudia Mattiello-Sverzut
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

CRJAB wrote the manuscript. BG, JC, BPB and ANE helped with data collection, analysis, and writing. ACMS built the study design and revised it critically for important intellectual content. All authors read and approved the version of the submitted manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ana Claudia Mattiello-Sverzut.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

We declare that all methods were performed in accordance with the guidelines and regulations of CEP/CONEP (Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa/Comissão Nacional de Ética em Pesquisa). The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Ethical Committee of the Clinics Hospital of Ribeirão Preto Medical School - University of São Paulo (process 14904/2014). The parents and the patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Rogean de Jesus Alves de Baptista, C., Garcia, B., Cardoso, J. et al. Do different foot types affect the 6-min walk test capacity of younths with Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy ?. BMC Pediatr 22, 277 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-022-03338-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-022-03338-7

Keywords

BMC Pediatrics

ISSN: 1471-2431

Contact us