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  1. Children’s healthy development is important. While governmental public assistance benefits financially troubled families, it cannot compensate for a lack of social support. Single-parenthood is a health risk f...

    Authors: Daisuke Nishioka, Junko Saito, Keiko Ueno and Naoki Kondo
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:214
  2. Previous studies have suggested that choline and betaine are associated with improved anthropometric measures including, BMI and waist circumference however, results are largely inconsistent and limited studie...

    Authors: Alireza Jafari, Yahya Jalilpiran, Katherine Suitor, Nick Bellissimo and Leila Azadbakht
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:213
  3. As preterm infants’ neurodevelopment is shaped by NICU-related factors during their hospitalization, it is essential to evaluate which interventions are more beneficial for their neurodevelopment at this speci...

    Authors: Marilyn Aita, Gwenaëlle De Clifford Faugère, Andréane Lavallée, Nancy Feeley, Robyn Stremler, Émilie Rioux and Marie-Hélène Proulx
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:210
  4. Centronuclear myopathy (CNM), a subtype of congenital myopathy (CM), is a group of clinical and genetically heterogeneous muscle disorders. Since the discovery of the SPEG gene and disease-causing variants, on...

    Authors: Gang Zhang, Min Xu, Tingting Huang, Wenxin Lin, Jinglin Chen, Wangyang Chen and Xingzhi Chang
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:209
  5. Working memory performance is associated with better academic achievements in children and adolescents, and it is positively related to CRF. However, what level of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) discriminates...

    Authors: Vinícius Muller Reis Weber, Daniel Zanardini Fernandes, Leonardo Alex Volpato, Maria Raquel de Oliveira Bueno, Marcelo Romanzini, Jose Castro-Piñero and Enio Ricardo Vaz Ronque
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:208
  6. To examine the association of handgrip strength (HGS) and bone mineral density (BMD) of Brazilian children and adolescents.

    Authors: Bruna Thamyres Ciccotti Saraiva, Ricardo Ribeiro Agostinete, Ismael Forte Freitas Júnior, Daniel Eduardo Rodrigues de Sousa, Luis Alberto Gobbo, William Rodrigues Tebar and Diego Giulliano Destro Christofaro
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:207
  7. Inconsistent findings have been reported for associations between protein intake and age at menarche. We aimed to investigate the association between intake of protein and protein-containing food groups during...

    Authors: Nazanin Moslehi, Golaleh Asghari, Parvin Mirmiran and Fereidoun Azizi
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:206
  8. Left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy (LVNC) is characterized by prominent ventricular trabeculations on cardiovascular imaging. Acquired reversible LVNC has not been reported in pediatrics without a g...

    Authors: Riko Kato, Hiromichi Taneichi, Shinya Takarada, Mako Okabe, Nariaki Miyao, Hideyuki Nakaoka, Keijiro Ibuki, Sayaka Ozawa, Yuichi Adachi, Naoki Yoshimura, Kazuyoshi Saito, Fukiko Ichida and Keiichi Hirono
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:205
  9. Presently, 1 in 4 Lebanese adolescents is involved in bullying, with 12% being perpetrators. In Lebanon, around 90% of bullying incidents occur in schools. Given the lack of studies tackling bullying perpetrat...

    Authors: Emmanuelle Awad, Chadia Haddad, Hala Sacre, Rabih Hallit, Michel Soufia, Pascale Salameh, Sahar Obeid and Souheil Hallit
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:204
  10. The study aims to use the cross-lagged model and utilize data from the Born in Shenyang Cohort Study to characterize the bidirectional associations of the term-born infants’ neurodevelopment in five domains an...

    Authors: Xiaotong Wei, Jiajin Hu, Liu Yang, Ming Gao, Lin Li, Ning Ding, Yanan Ma and Deliang Wen
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:203
  11. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the commonest cause of acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) in infants. However, the burden of RSV is unknown in Ethiopia. We aimed to determine the prevalence, season...

    Authors: Abate Yeshidinber Weldetsadik and Frank Riedel
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:201
  12. Information on the foot structures of Central Anatolian children is limited. Foot structures of children aged 6–10 years were shown to be different according to sex and increasing age.

    Authors: Serap Alsancak, Senem Guner, Enver Güven, Ali Koray Özgün, Yunis Akkaş and Neslihan Alkıs
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:200
  13. Cognitive development after age three tends to be stable and can therefore predict cognitive skills in later childhood. However, there is evidence that cognitive development is less stable before age three. In...

    Authors: Lei Wang, Yifei Chen, Sean Sylvia, Sarah-Eve Dill and Scott Rozelle
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:199
  14. HIV infection is associated with significant neurocognitive deficits making maximization of cognitive function among children receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) a public health imperative. Non-protease inh...

    Authors: Damalie Nalwanga, Victor Musiime, Paul Bangirana, Erika Phelps Nishiguchi, Andrew Kiggwe, Titus Ssesanga, John M. Ssenkusu, Philippa Musoke and Sarah E. Cusick
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:198
  15. Atopic diseases and behavioural difficulties in children have both been on the rise in recent decades. This study seeks to assess associations between atopic diseases and behavioural difficulties, examining th...

    Authors: Wiebke Keller, Mandy Vogel, Freerk Prenzel, Jon Genuneit, Anne Jurkutat, Cornelia Hilbert, Andreas Hiemisch, Wieland Kiess and Tanja Poulain
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:197
  16. Household food insecurity (FI), even at marginal levels, is associated with poor child health outcomes. The Nutrition Screening Tool for Every Preschooler (NutriSTEP®) is a valid and reliable 17-item parent-co...

    Authors: Imaan Bayoumi, Catherine S. Birken, Kimberly M. Nurse, Patricia C. Parkin, Jonathon L. Maguire, Colin Macarthur, Janis A. Randall Simpson and Cornelia M. Borkhoff
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:196
  17. To investigate the impact of protective measures and isolation on respiratory tract infections in children during the COVID-19 outbreak.

    Authors: Yueling Zhu, Wei Li, Binbin Yang, Ruiying Qian, Fang Wu, Xue He, Qinheng Zhu, Jinling Liu, Yan Ni, Jianbing Wang and Shanshan Mao
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:195
  18. Ewing’s sarcoma is a common malignant bone tumor in children and young adults. Rarely, extra-skeletal soft tissues and visceral organs can also be the site of origin of Ewing’s sarcoma. Primary pulmonary Ewing...

    Authors: Xuefeng Ling, Jianlin Tong, Liangliang Wang, Chuan Yao and Zhiying Chen
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:194
  19. Child malnutrition is a huge health problem having multifaceted consequences for child survival and long-term well-being. Although, several studies investigated stunting, underweight, and wasting in low- and m...

    Authors: Lijalem Melie Tesfaw and Haile Mekonnen Fenta
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:193
  20. Pneumonia is the leading cause of death and hospitalization among young children worldwide, but its risk factors remain unclear.

    Authors: Xiangrong Zheng, Jian Kuang, Chan Lu, Qihong Deng, Haiyu Wu, Rachael Gakii Murithi, McSherry Brownel Johnson, Wang Peng and Maolan Wu
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:192
  21. Delayed diagnosis of congenital heart disease (CHD) causes significant morbidity and mortality. We aimed to determine the proportion of delayed diagnosis of CHD and factors related to the delayed diagnosis.

    Authors: Indah K. Murni, Muhammad Taufik Wirawan, Linda Patmasari, Esta R. Sativa, Nadya Arafuri, Sasmito Nugroho and Noormanto
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:191
  22. Neural tube defects are common congenital anomalies that result from early malformation in the development of the spinal cord and brain. It is related to substantial mortality, morbidity, disability, and psych...

    Authors: Mohammed Oumer, Ashenafi Tazebew and Mezgebu Silamsaw
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:190
  23. In most studies, the virological response is assessed during the first two years of antiretroviral treatment initiated in HIV-infected infants. However, early initiation of antiretroviral therapy exposes infan...

    Authors: Francis Ateba Ndongo, Mathurin Cyrille Tejiokem, Calixte Ida Penda, Suzie Tetang Ndiang, Jean-Audrey Ndongo, Georgette Guemkam, Casimir Ledoux Sofeu, Paul Alain Tagnouokam-ngoupo, Anfumbom Kfutwah, Philippe Msellati, Albert Faye and Josiane Warszawski
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:189
  24. Bloodstream infection (BSI) resulting from ESKAPEEc pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacte...

    Authors: Xiaoshan Peng, Wei Zhou, Yu Zhu and Chaomin Wan
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:188
  25. Childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE) is a kind of chronic inflammatory disease characterized by a highly abnormal immune system. This study aimed to detect the serum levels of Th (T helper) cyto...

    Authors: Wei Quan, Jingnan An, Gang Li, Guanghui Qian, Meifang Jin, Chenxi Feng, Si Li, Xiaozhong Li, Yunyun Xu and Xiaohan Hu
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:187
  26. HIV is a major contributor to infant mortality. A significant gap remains between the uptake of infant and maternal antiretroviral regimens and only a minority of HIV-exposed infants receives prophylaxis and s...

    Authors: Lilian M. N. Kebaya, Dalton Wamalwa, Nyambura Kariuki, Bashir Admani, Philip Ayieko and Ruth Nduati
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:186
  27. Childhood obesity is a public health problem with repercussions in later life. As tissue formation peaks in childhood we determined how weight status influences bone mineral content.

    Authors: Francisco Sánchez Ferrer, Ernesto Cortes Castell, Francisco Carratalá Marco, Mercedes Juste Ruiz, José Antonio Quesada Rico and Ana Pilar Nso Roca
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:185
  28. Characteristics of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) changes with age. Infants, toddlers and prepubertal children with OSA are usually underweight and may suffer from failure to thrive (FTT). Adenotonsillectomy (T...

    Authors: Keren Nathan, Galit Livnat, Liat Feraru and Giora Pillar
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:184
  29. Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months and breastfeeding with complementary feeds until 12 months for HIV exposed and uninfected (HEU) infants or 24 months for HIV unexposed (HU) infants is the current World Hea...

    Authors: Larisha Pillay, Dhayendre Moodley, Lynda Marie Emel, Ntombifikile Maureen Nkwanyana and Kimesh Naidoo
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:183
  30. The overwhelming majority of United Arab Emirates (UAE) school-aged children do not meet the 60 min per day recommendation of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Understanding the different school d...

    Authors: Rahma Ajja, Ludmilla F. Wikkeling-Scott, Keith Brazendale, Rafiq Hijazi and Abdishakur Abdulle
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:182
  31. Early diagnostic indicators and the identification of possible progression to severe or critical COVID-19 in children are unknown. To investigate the immune characteristics of early SARS-CoV-2 infection in chi...

    Authors: Wenjie Lu, Li Yang, Xiong Li, Ming Sun, Aiping Zhang, Shanshan Qi, Zhi Chen, Lannan Zhang, Jianxin Li and Hao Xiong
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:181
  32. Diet, physical activity, sedentary behaviours, and sleep time are considered major contributory factors of the increased prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity. The aims of this study were to (1) ident...

    Authors: Molly Mattsson, Deirdre M. Murray, Mairead Kiely, Fergus P. McCarthy, Elaine McCarthy, Regien Biesma and Fiona Boland
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:180
  33. The aim of this study was to characterize patients who ingested multiple rare-earth magnets, reveal the harm of rare-earth magnet foreign bodies in the digestive tract, and develop a clinical management algori...

    Authors: Yucan Zheng, Zhihua Zhang, Kunlong Yan, Hongmei Guo, Mei Li, Min Lian and Zhifeng Liu
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:179
  34. Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, characterized by varying severity in attention deficit and hyperactivity. Studies have shown deficiencies in the serum level ...

    Authors: Mostafa Hemamy, Naseh Pahlavani, Alireza Amanollahi, Sheikh Mohammed Shriful Islam, Jenna McVicar, Gholamreza Askari and Mahsa Malekahmadi
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:178

    The Correction to this article has been published in BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:230

  35. Dental procedures under general anesthesia (DGA) was found to improve the oral health-related quality of children’s life. However, some parents and pediatricians expressed concern about the neurotoxicity of ge...

    Authors: Pinping Zhou, Chao Zhang, Guijin Huang, Yuan Hu, Wenzhu Ma and Cong Yu
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:177
  36. Malnutrition is still a global public health problem contributing for under-five morbidity and mortality. The case is similar in Ethiopia in which severe acute malnutrition is the major contributor to mortalit...

    Authors: Amare Kassaw, Desalegne Amare, Minyichil Birhanu, Aragaw Tesfaw, Shegaw Zeleke, Getachew Arage and Demewoz Kefale
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:176
  37. Glycogen storage disease (GSD) type IXb is one of the rare variants of GSDs. It is a genetically heterogeneous metabolic disorder due to deficient hepatic phosphorylase kinase activity. Diagnosis of GSD can be...

    Authors: Zahra Beyzaei, Fatih Ezgu, Bita Geramizadeh, Alireza Alborzi and Alireza Shojazadeh
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:175
  38. Childhood hypoglycemia in combination with hepatomegaly is suspicious for inborn errors of metabolism. Cystic fibrosis typically presents with failure to thrive, pulmonary and gastrointestinal symptoms. Hepati...

    Authors: Friederike Wilbert, Sarah C. Grünert, Andrea Heinzmann and Sebastian F. N. Bode
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:174
  39. Pediatric patients present to Emergency Departments (EDs) with a variety of medical conditions. An appreciation of the common presenting conditions can aid EDs in the provision of pediatric emergency care. In ...

    Authors: Shuen Yin Celine Yoong, Peck Har Ang, Shu-Ling Chong, Yong-Kwang Gene Ong, Nur Diana Bte Zakaria, Khai Pin Lee and Jen Heng Pek
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:172
  40. A family-centered care (FCC) parent participation program that ensures an infant is not separated from parents against their will was developed for the caring of their small or sick newborn at a neonatal inten...

    Authors: Arti Maria, James A. Litch, Maria Stepanchak, Enisha Sarin, Rashmi Wadhwa and Harish Kumar
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:171
  41. The aim of the present study was to summarize the clinical characteristics of in children aged under 3 years and analyze the related factors affecting the prognosis.

    Authors: Tian Zhi, Wei-Ling Zhang, Yi Zhang, Hui-Min Hu and Dong-Sheng Huang
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:170
  42. Preterm infants are at risk for functional impairments in motor, cognitive, and behavioral development that may persist into childhood. The aim of this study was to determine the co-occurrence of cognitive imp...

    Authors: Elise Roze, Sijmen A. Reijneveld, Roy E. Stewart and Arend F. Bos
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:169
  43. Community misperception on newborn care and poor treatment of sick newborn attributes to neonatal death and illness severity. Misperceptions and malpractices regarding neonatal care and neonatal complications ...

    Authors: Abu Sayeed Md. Abdullah, Koustuv Dalal, Masuma Yasmin, Gainel Ussatayeva, Abdul Halim and Animesh Biswas
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:168
  44. Human milk is recommended for very preterm infants, but its variable macronutrient content may contribute to undernutrition during a critical period in development. We hypothesize that individually targeted hu...

    Authors: Mandy B. Belfort, Lianne J. Woodward, Sara Cherkerzian, Hunter Pepin, Deirdre Ellard, Tina Steele, Christoph Fusch, P. Ellen Grant and Terrie E. Inder
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:167
  45. Between 2014 and 2016, Brazil experienced a severe shortage in penicillin supply, resulting in a lack of treatment among some pregnant women and newborns with syphilis and the use of non-evidence-based regimen...

    Authors: Ana Fátima Braga Rocha, Maria Alix Leite Araújo, Melanie M. Taylor, Edna O. Kara and Nathalie Jeanne Nicole Broutet
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:166
  46. To describe the pattern of comorbidities in school-aged children with cerebral palsy (CP) and to identify which, if any, were associated with poor school attendance.

    Authors: Roseline E. Duke, Chimaeze Torty, Uche Okorie, Min J. Kim, Nnena Eneli, Ukam Edadi, Kathryn Burton, Cally Tann and Richard Bowman
    Citation: BMC Pediatrics 2021 21:165

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