Table 1 Characteristics of the selected studies

Bener

2009

Case-control

UK

170

< 16

88/82

NR

venous blood glucose values equal or > 6.7mmol/L

RIA

NR

15.8 ± 9.2

①

154 (90.6)

9

Borkar

2010

Case-control

Indian

50

6 ~ 12

29/21

NR

ADA

HPLC

NR

20.02 ± 10.63

②

29 (58.0)

9

Daga

2012

Case-control

Indian

13

< 18

6/7

NR

NR

RIA

NR

11.36 ± 4.74

②

12(92.3)

8

Azab

2013

Case-control

Egypt

80

6 ~ 16

34/46

17 (3 ~ 52) (m)

WHO criteria

ELISA

AAP

24.7 ± 5.6

③

44 (55)

9

Lieberman

2013

Case-control

USA

211

12 ~ 19

51/160

10.9 ± 3.2

Islet cell antibody

Clinical lab

IMG

27.7 ± 0.7

②

47 (22)

9

Greer

2013

Case-control

Australia

56

NR

28/28

NR

NR

Clinical lab

ACSC

31.53 (28.77–34.29)

③

5 (8.9)

8

Franchi

2013

Case-control

Italy

58

1.1 ~ 16

32/26

NR

ADA

Chemiluminescent assay

NR

NR

②

39 (67.2)

8

Jung

2014

Case-control

Korea

102

< 18

41/61

NR

NR

Chemiluminescent assay

NR

14.5 ± 6.4

②

77 (75.4)

8

Wierzbicka

2016

Case-control

Poland

60

< 18

28/32

5.1 ± 3.9

NR

ECLIA

ESCPG

15.3 ± 7.0

②

49 (81.7)

8

Rasoul

2016

Case-control

Kuwait

216

< 15

104/112

NR

ISPAD/WHO

EIA

ESCPG

13.84 ± 6.66

②

182 (84.3)

9

Kim

2017

Case-control

Korea

42

9 ~ 14

12/30

6.4 ± 3.0

NR

¹²⁵I-labeled radioimmunoassay

ESCPG

20.0 ± 6.4

③

24 (57.1)

8

Ziaei-Kajbaf

2018

Case-control

Iran

85

1 ~ 15

40/45

NR

NR

ELISA

NR

5.13 ± 4.24

②

65 (76.5)

7

Liu

2018

Case-control

China

296

8.99 ± 3.75

147/149

NR

NR

Non-radioactive EIA

the Global Consensus ¹

19.51 ± 6.11

④

39 (13.2)

7

Federico

2018

Case-control

Italy

82

2 ~ 18

44/38

9.4 ± 3.9

NR

HPLC

ESCPG

21.79 ± 10.94

②

41 (50.0)

7

Bae

2018

Case-control

Korea

85

6 ~ 20

37/48

NR

NR

RIA

ESCPG

21.6 ± 8.5

②

41 (48.2)

8

Sonia

2016

Case-control

Tunisia

29

12 ~ 18

14/15

35.03 ± 42.4(m)

ADSC

RIA

NR

17.4 ± 1.0

②

15 (51.7)

8

Mansi

2021

Case-control

Iraq

104

< 5

36/68

NR

NR

NR

NR

NR

⑨

83 (79.8)

7

Soliman

2015

Case-control

Egypt

53

6 ~ 18

27/26

NR

ADA

Immun-diagnostik EIA

NR

7.65 ± 2.52

⑤

45 (84.9)

9

Rochmah

2022

Case-control

Indonesia

31

< 18

18/13

1.0 (0 ~ 11)

ISPAD

ELFA

ESCPG

26.11 (13.95–52.11)

②

4 (12.9)

8

Setty-Shah

2014

Case-control

USA

22

2 ~ 13

12/22

NR

ADA

Chemiluminescent assay

AAP and IMG

24.44 ± 6.04

③

3 (13.6)

9

Ghandchi

2012

Case-control

Iran

60

5 ~ 25

32/28

NR

NR

HPLC

NR

NR

⑤

51 (85.0)

8

Biliaieva

2022

Case-control

Ukraine

94

10 ~ 18

NR

NR

NR

Electrochemiluminescence

EPGC and IMG

NR

②

64 (68.1)

6

Polat

2022

Case-control

Turkey

29

9 ~ 16

NR

NR

NR

NR

ESCPG

NR

①

16 (55.2)

7

Raab

2014

Cohort

Germany

244

3 ~ 9

132/112

NR

ADA

RIA

NR

19.91 ± 0.60

②

125 (51.2)

9

Janner

2010

Cross-sectional

Switzerland

129

NR

69/60

NR

ADA

Chemiluminescent assay

NR

18.31 (16.51–20.15)

②

78 (60.5)

10

Svoren

2009

Cross-sectional

Boston

128

< 18

69/59

4.1 ± 5.6

NR

RIA

NR

26.8 ± 6.7

②

19 (15.0)

10

Mutlu

2011

Cross-sectional

Turkey

120

3 ~ 20

65/55

3.2 ± 2.3

NR

ELISA

AAP

25.6 ± 16.2

⑦

27 (22.5)

10

Thnc

2011

Cross-sectional

Turkey

100

< 20

NR

56.4 ± 3.7 (m)

NR

HPLC

NR

NR

⑤

28 (28.0)

7

Vojtkova

2012

Cross-sectional

Slovakia

58

9 ~ 19

30/28

NR

ADA

Biochemical

NR

NR

⑥

21 (36.2)

10

Ataie-Jafari

2012

Cross-sectional

Iran

53

8 ~ 18

14/39

13.2 ± 6.1

NR

RIA

NR

NR

②

41 (77.0)

9

The

2013

Longitudinal

USA

1426

< 20

730/696

10.2 ± 3.9 (m)

NR

Chemiluminescent assay

IMG

NR

④

300 (21.0)

11

Savastio

2016

Longitudinal

Italy

64

< 12

NR

5.6 ± 3.9

ADA

Chemiluminescent assay

ESCPG

17.71 ± 9.62

⑥

41 (64.0)

10

Al-Zubeidi

2016

Cross-sectional

USA

185

< 19

81/94

NR

NR

Chemiluminescent assay

ESCPG

NR

⑥

33 (17.8)

10

Al

2016

Cross-sectional

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

301

1 ~ 18

140/161

7.7 ± 3.7

ADA

Chemiluminescent assay

PES

14.06 ± 6.37

⑦

103 (34.2)

11

Zambrana-Calví

2016

Cross-sectional

Spain

90

< 18

46/44

NR

ISPAD

HPLC

NR

NR

⑦

12 (13.3)

10

Al Sawah

2016

Cross-sectional

USA

197

7 ~ 18

85/112

NR

NR

(LC-MS/MS)

NR

21.88 ± 7.13

②

80 (40.6)

9

Giri

2017

Cross-sectional

UK

271

7.7 ± 4.4

NR

NR

NR

Tandem Mass Spectrometry

the Global Consensus¹

12.90 ± 3.29

④

40 (14.8)

8

ALkharashi

2019

Cross-sectional

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

100

2 ~ 12

50/50

NR

NR

Biochemical

NR

14.06 ± 0.56

③

70 (70.0)

10

Zabeen

2021

Cross-sectional

Bangladesh

60

11 ~ 15

18/42

NR

ISPAD

RIA

NR

12.97 (9.3–18.0)

⑦

31 (51.7)

10

Segovia-Ortí

2020

Cross-sectional

Spain

67

0 ~ 14

31/36

NR

ISPAD

Chemiluminescent assay

ESCPG

NR

②

13 (19.4)

9

Carakushansky

2020

Cross-sectional

USA

395

3 ~ 18

202/193

NR

NR

(LC-MS/MS)

NR

NR

⑧

17 (4.7)

11

KOR

2018

Cross-sectional

Turkey

106

2 ~ 18

44/65

4.46 + 2.8

ISPAD

Chemiluminescent assay

NR

27.11 ± 14.33

④

7 (6.6)

5

Yeshayahu

2012

Cross-sectional

Canada

271

12 ~ 18

138/133

7.2 ± 3.6

NR

(LC-MS/MS)

NR

NR

⑧

89 (32.8)

10

Saki

2017

Cross-sectional

India

85

8 ~ 18

39/46

4.4 ± 2.8

Two positive autoantibody tests

HPLC

ESCPG

18.0 ± 12.2

②

52 (61.2)

10

Kaur

2011

Cross-sectional

Australia

517

8 ~ 20

NR

7.2 ± 3.5

NR

LIAISON

ANZ

28.09 ± 9.21

③

80 (15.5)

5