Table 2 Sample frequencies of reported symptoms, vision results, and management
From: Academic performance and musculoskeletal pain in adolescents with uncorrected vision problems
Prescription group (n = 61) | Control group (n = 91) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | ||
Symptoms; eye examinationa | Blurred vision at distance | 54 (89)** | 7 (8) |
Headache | 22 (36) | 21 (23) | |
No vision related symptoms | 0 (0)** | 66 (73) | |
Symptoms in general; questionnaireb | Eye pain | 44 (72) | 48 (53) |
2.6 ± 2.1 | 1.7 ± 1.9 | ||
Headache | 53 (87) | 75 (82) | |
3.8 ± 2.4 | 2.9 ± 2.1 | ||
Neck pain | 37 (61) | 44 (48) | |
1.9 ± 2.0 | 1.4 ± 1.8 | ||
Shoulder pain | 40 (66)** | 39 (43) | |
2.1 ± 2.0** | 1.1 ± 1.5 | ||
Lower back pain | 34 (56) | 39 (43) | |
1.5 ± 1.8 | 1.4 ± 2.0 | ||
Symptoms during screen use; questionnaireb | Eye pain | 47 (77) | 63 (69) |
2.8 ± 2.1 | 2.3 ± 2.0 | ||
Headache | 51 (84) | 74 (81) | |
3.2 ± 2.3 | 3.1 ± 2.3 | ||
Neck pain | 43 (71) | 49 (54) | |
2.0 ± 1.6 | 1.5 ± 1.8 | ||
Shoulder pain | 40 (66)** | 36 (40) | |
1.9 ± 1.7** | 1.0 ± 1.6 | ||
Lower back pain | 35 (57) | 39 (43) | |
1.6 ± 1.8 | 1.3 ± 1.8 | ||
Continuous reading/screen viewing ability | 26 (43)* | 54 (59) | |
Screen time (hours/day, mean ± SD) | Weekday (Sunday – Friday) | 2.2 ± 1.4 | 2.0 ± 1.2 |
Weekend (Saturday) | 3.8 ± 2.2 | 4.1 ± 2.1 | |
Ametropia (Cycloplegic SER, D) | Emmetropia (> -0.50 D, < +0.50 D) | 0 (0) | 74 (81) |
Low myopia (> -3.00 D, ≤ -0.50 D) | 55 (90) | 10 (11) | |
High myopia (≤ -5.00 D) | 0 (0) | 1 (1) | |
Low hyperopia ( ≥ + 0.50 D, ≤ +2.00 D) | 6 (10) | 6 (7) | |
Anisometropia (≥ 1.00 D) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Hab VA RE (6 m) | LogMAR (≤ 0.0) [decimal ≥ 1.0] | 6 (10)** | 73 (80) |
LogMAR (≤ 0.1, > 0.0) [decimal < 1.0, ≥ 0.8] | 1 (2) | 5 (6) | |
LogMAR (≤ 0.3, > 0.1) [decimal < 0.8, ≥ 0.5] | 11 (18)** | 0 (0) | |
LogMAR (> 0.3) [decimal < 0.5] | 40 (66)** | 0 (0) | |
Best corrected VA RE (6 m) | LogMAR (≤ 0.0) [decimal ≥ 1.0] | 51 (84) | 85 (93) |
LogMAR (≤ 0.1, > 0.0) [decimal < 1.0, ≥ 0.8] | 10 (16) | 6 (7) | |
LogMAR (≤ 0.3, > 0.1) [decimal < 0.8, ≥ 0.5] | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
LogMAR (> 0.3) [decimal < 0.5] | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Heterophoria (6 m) | Orthophoria | 59 (97) | 90 (99) |
Esophoria > 1 ΔBO | 1 (2) | 1 (1) | |
Exophoria > 2 ΔBI | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | |
Heterophoria (40 cm) | Orthophoria | 57 (93) | 87 (96) |
Esophoria > 0 ΔBO | 1 (2) | 2 (2) | |
Exophoria > 6 ΔBI | 3 (5) | 2 (2) | |
NPC (cm) | ≤ 10 | 58 (95) | 91 (100) |
> 10 < 25 | 3 (5) | 0 (0) | |
AA BIN (D) | > 8 | 53 (87)** | 90 (99) |
≤ 8 | 8 (13)** | 1 (1) | |
Management - prescription of new glasses | Low myopia and blurred vision at distance | 54 (89) | |
Low hyperopia and headache | 6 (10) | ||
Change of ≥ 0.50 best corrected SER (myopia) | 1 (2) |