Table 6 Association of demographic, nutritional, and gestational variables with BISQ items

First 6 months of nutrition

Breastfeeding

7.73 ± 1.25

3.71 ± 1.64

0.95 ± 1.38

1.27 ± 1.11

0.30 ± 0.20

23.25 ± 1.07

Formula

8.07 ± 1.58

3.64 ± 1.51

1.00 ± 1.36

1.54 ± 1.20

0.43 ± 0.44

23.68 ± 0.50

Breastfeeding + formula

7.62 ± 1.32

4.08 ± 1.60

0.73 ± 1.26

1.37 ± 1.16

0.36 ± 0.26

23.26 ± 1.10

p

0.501

0.036

0.123

0.493

0.069

0.131

Second 6 months of nutrition

Breastfeeding + food

7.74 ± 1.23

3.73 ± 1.67

0.92 ± 1.36

1.27 ± 1.11

0.30 ± 0.20

23.25 ± 1.09

Breastfeeding + formula

7.64 ± 1.59

4.06 ± 1.65

0.91 ± 1.37

1.48 ± 1.24

0.44 ± 0.35

23.27 ± 1.20

Breastfeeding + formula + food

7.58 ± 1.25

4.02 ± 1.35

0.72 ± 1.29

1.37 ± 1.09

0.33 ± 0.21

23.31 ± 0.83

p

0.245

0.045

0.266

0.297

0.003

0.425

Birth order

firstborn

7.56 ± 1.32

4.06 ± 1.65

0.90 ± 1.38

1.47 ± 1.17

0.34 ± 0.22

23.38 ± 1.13

second born

7.84 ± 1.23

3.60 ± 1.58

0.96 ± 1.40

1.20 ± 1.07

0.31 ± 0.24

23.18 ± 1.00

third and higher-born

7.80 ± 1.25

3.61 ± 1.61

0.58 ± 0.99

1.00 ± 1.05

0.26 ± 0.18

23.06 ± 1.06

p

0.018

0.002

0.280

0.001

0.005

0.007

Maternal age

≤ 30

7.70 ± 1.22

3.76 ± 1.70

1.02 ± 1.43

1.34 ± 1.07

0.34 ± 0.22

23.28 ± 1.02

> 30

7.71 ± 1.33

3.87 ± 1.56

0.77 ± 1.26

1.27 ± 1.18

0.30 ± 0.23

23.24 ± 1.12

p

0.928

0.206

0.015

0.245

0.002

0.637

Maternal education

Under diploma

7.88 ± 1.25

3.44 ± 1.66

1.11 ± 1.37

1.09 ± 1.03

0.31 ± 0.24

23.11 ± 1.06

Diploma

7.64 ± 1.20

3.83 ± 1.68

0.85 ± 1.30

1.30 ± 1.10

0.32 ± 0.23

23.25 ± 1.09

Upper diploma

7.70 ± 1.34

3.91 ± 1.57

0.85 ± 1.38

1.37 ± 1.17

0.32 ± 0.22

23.31 ± 1.05

p

0.188

0.067

0.033

0.134

0.828

0.154

Maternal job status

unemployed

7.70 ± 1.28

3.79 ± 1.63

0.90 ± 1.35

1.30 ± 1.11

0.32 ± 0.22

23.24 ± 1.06

employed

7.71 ± 1.23

4.03 ± 1.66

0.72 ± 1.34

1.42 ± 1.25

0.34 ± 0.29

23.43 ± 1.13

p

0.853

0.240

0.245

0.694

0.971

0.248

Infant gender

Boy

7.82 ± 1.19

3.79 ± 1.70

0.88 ± 1.34

1.25 ± 1.07

0.31 ± 0.22

23.19 ± 1.02

Girl

7.58 ± 1.36

3.84 ± 1.55

0.90 ± 1.37

1.36 ± 1.18

0.32 ± 0.24

23.34 ± 1.12

p

0.042

0.568

0.855

0.395

0.624

0.204

Delivery type

Normal Vaginal delivery

7.67 ± 1.27

3.76 ± 1.64

0.98 ± 1.42

1.32 ± 1.13

0.33 ± 0.24

23.24 ± 1.01

C-section

7.73 ± 1.29

3.86 ± 1.62

0.82 ± 1.30

1.30 ± 1.13

0.31 ± 0.22

23.27 ± 1.11

p

0.687

0.338

0.108

0.814

0.676

0.733

Gestational age

< 37 week

7.63 ± 1.55

3.48 ± 1.90

0.86 ± 1.37

1.61 ± 1.11

0.42 ± 0.33

23.36 ± 0.95

≥ 37 weeks

7.71 ± 1.25

3.84 ± 1.60

0.89 ± 1.35

1.28 ± 1.12

0.31 ± 0.22

23.25 ± 1.08

p

0.446

0.192

0.853

0.036

0.020

0.211