Table 2 Binary logistic regression analysis of factors associated with stunting among children aged 6–23 months and 6–59 months

Sociodemographic factors

 Child age

  6–11 months^a

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

  12–23 months

1.33 [0.72–2.43]

0.361

9.81 [1.45–66.67]

0.019*

1.29 [0.69–2.41]

0.432

3.02 [0.56–16.42]

0.200

  24–35 months

2.65 [1.43–4.91]

0.002*

8.98 [1.40–57.60]

0.021*

  36–59 months

2.24 [1.25–4.02]

0.007*

5.44 [0.88–33.83]

0.069

Child sex

 Male

1.28 [0.75–2.20]

0.362

1.47 [1.10–1.98]

0.010*

 Female^a

1.00

1.00

Child size

 LBW (< 2.5 kg)

15.28 [4.50–51.93]

 < 0.001*

18.62 [1.29–268.74]

0.032*

28.29 [10.25–78.07]

 < 0.001*

12.55 [2.90–54.21]

 < 0.001*

 Normal birth weight (≥ 2.5 kg)^a

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Preceding birth interval

 < 24 months

10.42 [2.09–51.92]

0.004*

17.04 [5.88–49.36]

 < 0.001*

15.83 [3.46–72.56]

 < 0.001*

 ≥ 24 months

1.82 [0.96–3.46]

0.068

1.86 [1.33–2.59]

 < 0.001*

1.02 [0.51–2.02]

0.963

 No previous birth^a

1.00

1.00

1.00

Maternal education level

 Low (junior high school or below)

23.64 [9.23–60.52]

 < 0.001*

23.16 [13.83–38.80]

 < 0.001*

 Middle (high school)

3.80 [1.76–8.20]

 < 0.001*

3.56 [2.33–5.45]

 < 0.001*

 High (college or above)^a

1.00

1.00

Maternal working status

 Yes

1.23 [0.72–2.11]

0.442

1.36 [1.01–1.83]

0.042*

 No^a

1.00

1.00

Household income level

 Low (≤ 2 million IDR)

16.46 [7.36–36.81]

 < 0.001*

20.99 [13.18–33.44]

 < 0.001*

3.51 [1.36–9.06]

0.010*

 Middle (> 2 million– < 3.5 million IDR)

2.83 [1.26–6.35]

0.012*

2.57 [1.64–4.03]

 < 0.001*

1.35 [0.60–3.03]

0.464

 High (≥ 3.5 million IDR)^a

1.00

1.00

1.00

Feeding practices

 Early initiation of breastfeeding

  After 1 h

2.94 [1.68–5.13]

 < 0.001*

2.25 [1.65–3.07]

 < 0.001*

2.65 [1.38–5.10]

0.004*

  Within 1 hour^a

1.00

1.00

1.00

Exclusive breastfeeding

 No

19.83 [9.66–40.70]

 < 0.001*

7.42 [1.16–47.46]

0.034*

12.80 [8.83–18.54]

 < 0.001*

3.19 [1.57–6.50]

0.001*

 Yes^a

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Duration of breastfeeding

 Currently breastfeeding

0.68 [0.33–1.38]

0.283

0.12 [0.02–0.98]

0.048*

0.50 [0.32–0.79]

0.019*

0.51 [0.16–1.68]

0.271

 < 23 months

9.64 [4.34–21.41]

 < 0.001*

0.92 [0.13–6.37]

0.930

8.83 [5.90–13.23]

 < 0.001*

3.38 [1.63–7.00]

0.001*

 Up to 23 months^a

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Minimum dietary diversity

 < 4 food groups

13.44 [7.00–25.80]

 < 0.001*

13.82 [9.63–19.84]

 < 0.001*

 ≥ 4 food^a groups

1.00

1.00

Feeding frequency

 Inadequate feeding frequency

12.65 [6.59–24.32]

 < 0.001*

12.06 [1.55–93.52]

0.017*

11.18 [7.86–15.91]

 < 0.001*

3.79 [1.90–7.57]

 < 0.001*

 Adequate feeding frequency^a

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Food restriction during pregnancy

 Yes

22.12 [10.00–48.95]

 < 0.001*

17.55 [2.86–107.80]

0.002*

13.77 [9.21–20.60]

 < 0.001*

5.87 [3.03–11.38]

 < 0.001*

 No^a

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Food restriction during breastfeeding

 Yes

8.99 [3.79–21.33]

 < 0.001*

6.61 [4.19–10.43]

 < 0.001*

 No^a

1.00

1.00

Prelacteal feeding

 Yes

5.06 [2.53–10.09]

 < 0.001*

10.58 [2.06–54.41]

0.005*

2.35 [1.71–3.23]

 < 0.001*

4.27 [2.16–8.41]

 < 0.001*

 No^a

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Food restriction for the child

 Yes

20.84 [2.71–160.21]

0.004*

25.80 [6.21–107.22]

 < 0.001*

7.74 [1.22–49.16]

0.030*

 No^a

1.00

1.00

1.00

Vaccination status

 Basic vaccination status

  Incomplete

2.70 [1.39–5.24]

0.003*

2.40 [1.63–3.55]

 < 0.001*

4.90 [1.26–19.05]

0.022*

  Complete^a

1.00

1.00

1.00

Community factor

 Place of residence

  Rural

15.43 [7.49–31.80]

 < 0.001*

83.26 [10.99–630.38]

 < 0.001*

7.94 [5.58–11.30]

 < 0.001*

7.59 [3.94–14.63]

 < 0.001*

  Urban^a

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

H–L Goodness-of-Fit test

 Chi-squared test (DF)

70.14 (8)

13.78 (8)

 p value

 < 0.001

0.090