Table 1 Descriptive statistical analysis of children aged 6 to 59 months with and without stunting

Sociodemographic factors

Child age

 < 0.001*

 6–11 months

59

8.4

20

33.9

39

66.1

 Mean (SD)

70.09 (3.37)

66.50 (1.67)

71.94 (2.38)

 12–23 months

156

22.1

62

39.7

94

60.3

 Mean (SD)

78.23 (4.30)

75.26 (3.44)

80.17 (3.65)

 24–35 months

177

25.1

102

57.6

75

42.4

 Mean (SD)

86.42 (4.47)

83.50 (2.35)

90.39 (3.51)

 36–59 months

314

44.4

168

53.5

146

46.5

 Mean (SD)

97.93 (7.04)

93.40 (3.86)

103.13 (6.23)

Child sex

0.010*

 Male

367

52.0

200

54.5

167

45.5

 Female

339

48.0

152

44.8

187

55.2

Child size

 < 0.001*

 LBW (< 2.5 kg)

90

12.7

86

95.6

4

4.4

 Normal birth weight (≥ 2.5 kg)

616

87.3

266

43.2

350

56.8

Preceding birth interval

 < 0.001*

 < 24 months

44

6.2

40

90.9

4

9.1

 ≥ 24 months

443

62.7

231

52.1

212

47.9

 No previous birth

219

31.1

81

37.0

138

63.0

Maternal education level

 < 0.001*

 Low (junior high school or below)

212

30.0

179

84.4

33

15.6

 Middle (high school)

299

42.4

136

45.5

163

54.5

 High (college or above)

195

27.6

37

19.0

158

81.0

Maternal working status

0.042*

 Yes

342

48.4

184

53.8

158

46.2

 No

364

51.6

168

46.2

196

53.8

Household income level

 < 0.001*

 Low (≤ 2 million IDR)

286

40.5

236

82.5

50

17.5

 Middle (> 2 million– < 3.5 million IDR)

213

30.2

78

36.6

135

63.4

 High (≥ 3.5 million IDR)

207

29.3

38

18.4

169

81.6

Feeding practices

 Early initiation of breastfeeding

 < 0.001*

  Within 1 h

433

61.3

183

42.3

250

57.7

  After 1 h

273

38.7

169

61.9

104

38.1

Early initiation of breastfeeding^a

 Within 1 h

120

17.0

43

35.8

77

64.2

 < 0.001*

 After 1 h

95

13.5

59

62.1

36

37.9

 Children ≥ 24 months

491

69.5

250

50.9

241

49.1

Exclusive breastfeeding

 < 0.001*

 No

410

58.1

300

73.2

110

26.8

 Yes

296

41.9

52

17.6

244

82.4

Exclusive breastfeeding^a

 < 0.001*

 No

118

16.8

89

75.4

29

24.6

 Yes

97

13.7

13

13.4

84

86.6

 Children ≥ 24 months

491

69.5

250

50.9

241

49.1

Duration of breastfeeding

 < 0.001*

 Currently breastfeeding

120

17.0

29

24.2

91

75.8

 < 23 months

238

33.7

198

83.2

40

16.8

Up to 23 months

348

49.3

125

35.9

223

64.1

Duration of breastfeeding^a

 < 0.001*

 Currently breastfeeding

59

8.4

16

27.1

43

72.9

 < 23 months

63

8.9

53

84.1

10

15.9

 Up to 23 months

93

13.2

33

35.5

60

64.5

 Children ≥ 24 months

491

69.5

250

50.9

241

49.1

Minimum dietary diversity

 < 0.001*

 < 4 food groups

340

48.2

271

79.7

69

20.3

 ≥ 4 food groups

366

51.8

81

22.1

285

77.9

Minimum dietary diversity^a

 < 4 food groups

102

14.4

79

77.5

23

22.5

 < 0.001*

 ≥ 4 food groups

113

16.1

23

20.4

90

79.6

 Children ≥ 24 months

491

69.5

250

50.9

241

49.1

Feeding frequency

 < 0.001*

 Inadequate feeding frequency

378

53.5

283

74.9

95

25.1

 Adequate feeding frequency

328

46.5

69

21.0

259

79.0

Feeding frequency^a

 Inadequate feeding frequency

112

15.9

83

74.1

29

25.9

 < 0.001*

 Adequate feeding frequency

103

14.6

19

18.4

84

81.6

 Children ≥ 24 months

491

69.5

250

50.9

241

49.1

Food restriction during pregnancy

 < 0.001*

 Yes

254

36.0

217

85.4

37

14.6

 No

452

64.0

135

29.9

317

70.1

Food restriction during pregnancy^a

 Yes

76

10.8

67

88.2

9

11.8

 < 0.001*

 No

139

19.7

35

25.2

104

74.8

 Children ≥ 24 months

491

69.5

250

50.9

241

49.1

Food restriction during breastfeeding

 < 0.001*

 Yes

147

20.8

121

82.3

26

17.7

 No

559

79.2

231

41.3

328

58.7

Food restriction during breastfeeding^a

 Yes

45

6.4

38

84.4

7

15.6

 < 0.001*

 No

170

24.1

64

37.6

106

62.4

 Children ≥ 24 months

491

69.5

250

50.9

241

49.1

Prelacteal feeding

 < 0.001*

 Yes

458

64.9

262

57.2

196

42.8

 No

248

35.1

90

36.3

158

63.7

Prelacteal feeding^a

 Yes

154

21.8

89

57.8

65

42.2

 < 0.001*

 No

61

8.7

13

21.3

48

78.7

 Children ≥ 24 months

491

69.5

250

50.9

241

49.1

Food restriction for the child

 < 0.001*

 Yes

47

6.7

45

95.7

2

4.3

 No

659

93.3

307

46.6

352

53.4

Food restriction for the child^a

 Yes

17

2.4

16

94.1

1

5.9

 < 0.001*

 No

198

28.1

86

43.4

112

56.6

 Children ≥ 24 months

491

69.5

250

50.9

241

49.1

Vaccination status

 Basic vaccination status

 < 0.001*

  Complete

567

80.3

259

45.7

308

54.3

  Incomplete

139

19.7

93

66.9

46

33.1

Community factors

 Place of residence

 < 0.001*

  Rural

275

39.0

216

78.5

59

21.5

  Urban

431

61.0

136

31.6

295

68.4