Table 1 Demographic, clinical, and laboratory findings (motion tic vs. sound tic)
From: Tic disorder in allergic rhinitis children and adolescents: a case-control study
Variable | Motion tick | P.value* | Sound tick | P.value* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | Yes | No | ||||
Age, Mean ± SD | 10.18 ± 3.48 | 10.61 ± 4.25 | 0.732 | 10.28 ± 3.38 | 12.00 ± 4.89 | 0.368 | |
Age of allergic rhinitis, Mean ± SD | 3.86 ± 0.96 | 3.98 ± 0.71 | 0.864 | 7.45 ± 3.76 | 9.20 ± 5.16 | 0.350 | |
The duration of allergic rhinitis (month), Median(IQR) | 24(15,45) | 24(6,48) | 0.396 | 24(7.5,48) | 36(18,48) | 0.465 | |
Age of onset of infantile eczema (month), Median(IQR) | 3(1.5, 24) | 2(1,.) | 0.250 | 2(1.5, 7.5) | 2(1,.) | 0.999 | |
Duration of infantile eczema (month), Median(IQR) | 3(1.12, 14) | 6(3,.) | 0.393 | 4(1.62, 9) | 3(2,.) | 0.999 | |
Age of asthma onset (year), Mean ± SD | 3.41 ± 1.20 | 3.91 ± 1.74 | 0.943 | 7.00 ± 2.89 | 11.50 ± 4.94 | 0.089 | |
Age of resolution of infancy allergy (year), Median(IQR) | 6.5(6,9.5) | 10(4,10) | 0.550 | 3(1,.) | Not report | Not report | |
The age of sinusitis resolution (year), Mean ± SD | 5.00±. | 4.5 ± 0.70 | 0.667 | 4.50 ± 0.70 | 5.00±. | 0.667 | |
Age of tick onset (year), Mean ± SD | 8.75 ± 3.69 | 9.79 ± 4.24 | 0.411 | 9.20 ± 4.03 | 11.40 ± 4.15 | 0.257 | |
Sex, N (%) | Female | 5(22.7) | 17(77.3) | 0.125 | 22(100.0) | 0(0.0) | 0.026 |
Male | 11(44.0) | 14(56.0) | 20(80.0) | 5(20.0) | |||
Classification of tic disorders, N (%) | Persistent motor tic disorder | 1(50.0) | 1(50.0) | 0.001 | 1(50.0) | 1(50.0) | 0.239 |
Persistent vocal tic disorder | 0(0.0) | 1(100.0) | 1(100.0) | 0(0.0) | |||
Provisional tic disorder | 8(21.6) | 29(78.4) | 33(89.2) | 4(10.8) | |||
Tourette syndrome | 7(100.0) | 0(0.0) | 7(100.0) | 0(0.0) | |||
Location, N(%) | Village | 3(37.5) | 5(62.5) | 0.627 | 6(75.0) | 2(25.0) | 0.178 |
big city | 7(28.0) | 18(72.0) | 22(88.0) | 3(12.0) | |||
small city | 6(42.9) | 8(57.1) | 14(100.0) | 0(0.0) | |||
The first child of the family, N (%) | 8(28.6) | 20(71.4) | 0.337 | 25(89.3) | 3(10.7) | 0.984 | |
Family history of allergies, N (%) | 9(37.5) | 15(62.5) | 0.609 | 22(91.0) | 2(8.3) | 0.601 | |
Antibiotic use in early life, N (%) | 9(33.3) | 18(66.7) | 0.905 | 25(92.6) | 2(7.4) | 0.404 | |
The history of passive exposure of the mother to cigarette smoke during pregnancy, N (%) | 1(16.7) | 5(83.3) | 0.336 | 6(100.0) | 0(0.0) | 0.366 | |
The history of passive exposure of the mother to cigarette smoke in the first year of life, N (%) | 1(16.7) | 5(83.3) | 0.336 | 6(100.0) | 0(0.0) | 0.366 | |
Mother’s smoking during pregnancy, N (%) | 0(0.0) | 1(100.0) | 0.468 | 1(100.0) | 0(0.0) | 0.727 | |
Preterm birth, N (%) | 2(40.0) | 3(60.0) | 0.766 | 4(80.0) | 1(20.0) | 0.473 | |
Day of the week AR symptoms, N (%) | 3 days a week | 2(66.7) | 1(33.3) | 0.162 | 2(66.7) | 1(33.3) | 0.401 |
4 days a week | 1(100.0) | 0(0.0) | 1(100.0) | 0(0.0) | |||
Every day | 13(30.2) | 30(69.8) | 39(90.7) | 4(9.3) | |||
Sleep disturbance due to AR, N (%) | 8(44.4) | 10(55.6) | 0.236 | 15(83.3) | 3(16.7) | 0.291 | |
Disruption at work or school due to AR, N (%) | 2(15.4) | 11(84.6) | 0.095 | 13(100.0) | 0(0.0) | 0.144 | |
History of other allergic diseases, N (%) | 3(33.3) | 6(66.7) | 0.960 | 8(88.9) | 1(11.1) | 0.959 | |
History of infantile eczema, N (%) | 5(50.0) | 5(50.0) | 0.230 | 7(70.0) | 3(30.0) | 0.025 | |
Associated with asthma, N (%) | 8(53.3) | 7(46.7) | 0.056 | 13(86.7) | 2(13.3) | 0.682 | |
Seasonal exacerbation of AR, N (%) | 6(25.0) | 18(75.0) | 0.181 | 22(91.7) | 2(8.3) | 0.601 | |
Frequent colds, N (%) | 8(42.1) | 11(57.9) | 0.337 | 16(84.2) | 3(15.8) | 0.342 | |
Night cough in colds, N (%) | 8(33.3) | 16(66.7) | 0.917 | 21(87.5) | 3(12.5) | 0.672 | |
Active cough in colds, N (%) | 10(35.7) | 18(64.3) | 0.769 | 25(89.3) | 3(10.7) | 0.984 | |
Active cough without a cold, N (%) | 8(44.4) | 10(55.6) | 0.236 | 16(88.9) | 2(11.1) | 0.934 | |
Food allergy in infancy, N (%) | 4(80.0) | 1(20.0) | 0.022 | 3(60.0) | 2(40.0) | 0.024 | |
Taking medication for AR, N (%) | 16(36.4) | 28(63.6) | 0.198 | 39(88.6) | 5(11.4) | 0.535 | |
Improvement of AR symptoms with medication, N (%) | 15(36.6) | 26(63.4) | 0.910 | 37(90.2) | 4(9.8) | 0.214 | |
Improvement of tic symptoms with improvement of AR symptoms, N (%) | 12(34.3) | 23(65.7) | 0.572 | 32(91.4) | 3(8.6) | 0.250 | |
Worsening of tic symptoms with worsening of AR symptoms, N (%) | 15(37.5) | 25(62.5) | 0.232 | 35(87.5) | 5(12.5) | 0.322 | |
History of sinusitis, N (%) | 3(50.0) | 3(50.0) | 0.377 | 4(66.7) | 2(33.3) | 0.054 | |
History of conjunctivitis, N (%) | 4(57.1) | 3(42.9) | 0.162 | 5(71.4) | 2(28.6) | 0.095 | |
History of middle ear infection, N (%) | 6(46.2) | 7(53.8) | 0.279 | 9(69.2) | 4(30.8) | 0.006 | |
The presence of ticks before the onset of AR symptoms, N (%) | 4(66.7) | 2(33.3) | 0.071 | 6(100.0) | 0(0.0) | 0.366 | |
History of other mental and neurological diseases, N (%) | 1(50.0) | 1(50.0) | 0.626 | 1(50.0) | 1(50.0) | 0.065 | |
History of systemic diseases, N (%) | 1(20.0) | 4(80.0) | 0.483 | 5(100.0) | 0(0.0) | 0.414 | |
Drug history, N (%) | 0(0.0) | 3(100.0) | 0.198 | 3(100.0) | 0(0.0) | 0.537 | |
Treatment for tics, N (%) | 6(85.7) | 1(14.3) | 0.002 | 7(100.0) | 0(0.0) | 0.322 | |
Taking the drug at the same time as the tic, N (%) | 5(83.3) | 1(16.7) | 0.065 | 3(100.0) | 0(0.0) | 0.537 | |