Table 2 8–10 year child weight, anthropometric, blood pressure and pulse wave velocity outcomes by treatment group

BMI z-score > 85th Percentile^#

479 (45.02)

507 (47.75)

0.94 (0.83, 1.07)

0.379

0.93 (0.82, 1.06)

0.302

Weight (kg)^a

36.69 (35.87, 37.51)

36.51

(35.74, 37.28)

0.18 (-0.93, 1.30)

0.747

0.05 (-1.02, 1.11)

0.934

Weight z-score

1.02

(0.90, 1.13)

1.00

(0.89, 1.11)

0.02 (-0.14, 0.17)

0.835

0.00 (-0.15, 0.16)

0.984

Height (cm)^a

137.80 (137.21, 138.39)

137.97 (137.42, 138.52)

-0.17 (-0.97, 0.64)

0.688

-0.17 (-0.90, 0.56)

0.642

Height z-score

0.53

(0.45, 0.60)

0.54

(0.46, 0.62)

-0.01 (-0.12, 0.09)

0.801

-0.01 (-0.12, 0.09)

0.793

BMI (kg/m²)^a

19.04

(18.71, 19.37)

18.88 (18.60, 19.16)

0.16 (-0.28, 0.61)

0.476

0.10 (-0.33, 0.53)

0.651

BMI z-score

0.98

(0.87, 1.09)

0.94

(0.83, 1.05)

0.04 (-0.11, 0.19)

0.603

0.02 (-0.13, 0.17)

0.773

Head Circumference (cm)^a

53.54

(53.39, 53.69)

53.60

(53.45, 53.74)

-0.06 (-0.26, 0.15)

0.598

-0.05 (-0.25, 0.15)

0.610

Abdomen Circumference (cm)^a

66.27 (65.40, 67.15)

65.66

(64.75, 66.57)

0.61 (-0.62, 1.85)

0.332

0.45 (-0.75, 1.66)

0.461

Arm Circumference (cm)^a

22.62

(22.30, 22.94)

22.37

(22.08, 22.66)

0.25 (-0.17, 0.67)

0.245

0.19 (-0.21, 0.60)

0.351

Weight z-score > 85th Percentile⁺

505 (47.40)

528 (50.03)

0.95 (0.83, 1.08)

0.414

0.94 (0.83, 1.07)

0.354

Weight z-score > 90th Percentile^#

426 (39.96)

437 (41.42)

0.96 (0.84, 1.11)

0.627

0.95 (0.83, 1.10)

0.527

BMI z-score > 90th Percentile^#†

415 (39.00)

431 (40.8)

0.96 (0.83, 1.11)

0.553

0.95 (0.82, 1.09)

0.446

Biceps SFTM (mm)^a

10.54

(9.99, 11.09)

10.14

(9.63, 10.65)

0.39 (-0.36, 1.15)

0.306

0.29 (-0.44, 1.03)

0.432

Triceps SFTM (mm)^a

15.62

(14.91, 16.32)

15.71

(15.12, 16.30)

-0.09 (-0.98, 0.80)

0.837

-0.19 (-1.07, 0.68)

0.666

Subscapular SFTM (mm)^a

11.25

(10.52, 11.98)

10.89

(10.25, 11.52)

0.36 (-0.59, 1.32)

0.456

0.23 (-0.70, 1.16)

0.623

Supra SFTM (mm)^a

15.74

(14.66, 16.83)

15.43

(14.41, 16.44)

0.32 (-1.15, 1.79)

0.672

0.15 (-1.30, 1.61)

0.835

Abdomen SFTM (mm)^a

17.90

(16.80, 18.99)

17.17

(16.13, 18.22)

0.73 (-0.72, 2.17)

0.325

0.55 (-0.88, 1.98)

0.453

Thigh SFTM (mm)^a

25.63

(24.37, 26.90)

25.32

(24.24, 26.40)

0.31 (-1.33, 1.95)

0.711

0.14 (-1.46, 1.74)

0.867

Sum of SFTM (mm)^a

95.78

(90.03, 101.52)

91.73

(87.41, 96.06)

4.05 (-3.07, 11.16)

0.265

3.26 (-3.72, 10.24)

0.360

Fat Free Mass (kg)

25.78

(25.24, 26.31)

26.19

(25.69, 26.69)

-0.41 (-1.15, 0.32)

0.270

-0.47 (-1.20, 0.27)

0.215

Total Fat Mass (kg)

10.68

(9.95, 11.40)

10.62

(9.82, 11.42)

0.06 (-0.94, 1.05)

0.907

-0.00 (-0.99, 0.99)

0.996

Percentage Fat Mass (kg)

27.76

(26.49, 29.03)

27.28

(26.11, 28.45)

0.48 (-1.27, 2.22)

0.592

0.41 (-1.33, 2.15)

0.646

Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)^a

108.31

(107.52, 109.10)

108.18

(107.34, 109.02)

0.13 (-0.99, 1.24)

0.823

0.08 (-1.03, 1.19)

0.884

Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)^a

67.18

(66.44, 67.91)

66.93

(66.13, 67.73)

0.24 (-0.82, 1.31)

0.655

0.26 (-0.81, 1.33)

0.634

Pulse Wave Velocity (m/s)^b

4.60

(4.46, 4.74)

4.41

(4.30, 4.52)

0.19 (0.01, 0.37)

0.037

0.20 (0.02, 0.37)

0.029