Factors associated with blood mercury concentrations and their interactions with three glutathione S-transferase genes (GSTT1, GSTM1, and GSTP1): an exposure assessment study of typically developing Jamaican children

Zaman, Sheikh Farzana; Samms-Vaughan, Maureen; Saroukhani, Sepideh; Bressler, Jan; Hessabi, Manouchehr; Grove, Megan L.; Pellington, Sydonnie Shakespeare; Loveland, Katherine A.; Rahbar, Mohammad H.

doi:10.1186/s12887-023-04452-w

Table 3 Associations between children’s exposure to environmental factors and BHgC by children’s genotypes for GST genes based on the multivariable General Linear Models that include the interaction between GST genes and the primary environmental exposure (n = 375)

From: Factors associated with blood mercury concentrations and their interactions with three glutathione S-transferase genes (GSTT1, GSTM1, and GSTP1): an exposure assessment study of typically developing Jamaican children

Environmental factor		Category compared (Column B)	Referent category (Column C)	Gene	Models	Genotypes	Ratio of Mean Hg ^* [Column B vs Column C] (95% CI)	P value ^**	Overall Interaction P value ^***
Parish of child’s birth		Kingston	Other ^a	GSTP1 ^b	Dominant	Val* ^c	1.11 (0.93, 1.33)	0.25	0.37
					Dominant	Ile/Ile	0.94 (0.68, 1.29)	0.70	0.37
					Recessive	Val/Val	0.81 (0.59, 1.12)	0.20	0.07
					Recessive	Ile* ^d	1.14 (0.96 1.36)	0.15	0.07
					Co-dominant	Ile/Ile	0.94 (0.69, 1.28)	0.69	0.04
						Ile/Val	1.28 (1.03, 1.58)	0.02
						Val/Val	0.81 (0.59, 1.12)	0.20
Child lived near a high traffic road ^e		Yes	No	GSTT1 ^f	Recessive	DD ^g	1.19 (0.87,1.63)	0.27	< 0.05
				GSTT1 ^f	Recessive	I* ^h	0.83 (0.69, 0.99)	0.04	< 0.05
				GSTP1	Dominant	Val*	0.79 (0.67, 0.95)	0.01	0.01
					Dominant	Ile/Ile	1.31 (0.96, 1.77)	0.08	0.01
					Recessive	Val/Val	0.75 (0.54, 1.04)	0.09	0.22
					Recessive	Ile*	0.95 (0.80, 1.13)	0.54	0.22
					Co-dominant	Ile/Ile	1.31 (0.97, 1.76)	0.08	0.02
						Ile/Val	0.80 (0.65 0.98)	0.03
						Val/Val	0.75 (0.54, 1.04)	0.08
Parental education level ⁱ		Group 1 ^j	Group 2 ^k	GSTP1	Dominant	Val*	0.79 (0.66, 0.95)	0.01	0.03
					Dominant	Ile/Ile	1.19 (0.88, 1.60)	0.27	0.03
					Recessive	Val/Val	0.89 (0.64, 1.24)	0.45	0.99
					Recessive	Ile*	0.89 (0.74, 1.06)	0.20	0.99
					Co-dominant	Ile/Ile	1.19 (0.88, 1.60)	0.26	0.07
						Ile/Val	0.77 (0.62, 0.96)	0.02
						Val/Val	0.89 (0.64, 1.24)	0.50
Consumption	white bread	Yes	No	GSTT1	Recessive	DD	0.63 (0.45, 0.88)	0.01	0.02
	white bread	Yes	No	GSTT1	Recessive	I*	0.98 (0.81,1.18)	0.82	0.02
	fried dumplings	Yes	No	GSTM1 ^l	Recessive	DD	0.62 (0.43, 0.91)	0.01	0.01
	fried dumplings	Yes	No	GSTM1 ^l	Recessive	I*	1.09 (0.87, 1.37)	0.43	0.01
	green banana	Yes	No	GSTT1	Recessive	DD	1.37 (0.96–1.95)	0.09	0.03
	green banana	Yes	No	GSTT1	Recessive	I*	0.86 (0.72, 1.04)	0.13	0.03
	carrot	Yes	No	GSTM1	Recessive	DD	0.69 (0.47, 1.02)	0.06	0.04
	carrot	Yes	No	GSTM1	Recessive	I*	1.14 (0.86, 1.50)	0.37	0.04
	string beans	Yes	No	GSTM1	Recessive	DD	1.00 (0.74, 1.35)	1.00	0.08
	string beans	Yes	No	GSTM1	Recessive	I*	1.36 (1.15, 1.63)	< 0.01	0.08
	canned fish (sardine, mackerel)	Yes	No	GSTP1	Dominant	Val*	1.23 (0.97, 1.57)	0.08	0.19
					Dominant	Ile/Ile	1.68 (1.13 2.50)	0.01	0.19
					Recessive	Val/Val	0.76 (0.48, 1.19)	0.22	0.01
					Recessive	Ile*	1.56 (1.24, 1.95)	< 0.01	0.01
					Co-dominant	Ile/Ile	1.68 (1.14 2.48)	0.01	0.02
						Ile/Val	1.51 (1.15 1.98)	< 0.01
						Val/Val	0.76 (0.48, 1.19)	0.22

^* Ratio of mean Hg = Exp [Mean (ln Hg)] in compared category vs. referent category of exposures calculated using the SAS ESTIMATE statement for GLM. ** P-values are for comparing the mean BHgC of TD children with environmental factors between the “compared category” to those with the “referent category,” stratified by the genotypes of the three GST genes, based on the SAS ESTIMATE statement for GLMs as described in the Methods section. ***Overall interaction P-values are based on the type 3 effect test in multivariable general linear models. ^a Includes Portland, Trelawny, Westmoreland, Clarendon, St. Andrew, St. Mary, St. James, St. Elizabeth, St. Catherine, St. Thomas, St. Ann, Hanover, or Manchester parishes of Jamaica. ^b GSTP1 was missing for 16 children. ^c Val* includes Ile/Val or Val/Val genotypes of GSTP1 gene. ^d Ile* includes Ile/Ile or Ile/Val genotypes of GSTP1 gene. ^e Child lived within a quarter of a mile of a high traffic road. ^f GSTT1 was missing for 19 children. ^g DD specifies the null genotypes of GSTT1 and GSTM1 genes. ^h I* (I/I or I/D) specifies the homozygote (I/I) or a heterozygote (I/D) for GSTT1 and GSTM1 genes. ⁱ Parental education level was missing for 19 parents. ^j At least one parent had beyond high school education (attended vocational, tertiary college, or university). ^k Both parents had up to high school education (attended primary/junior secondary or secondary/high/technical schools). ^l GSTM1 was missing for 18 children

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ISSN: 1471-2431

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