Factors associated with blood mercury concentrations and their interactions with three glutathione S-transferase genes (GSTT1, GSTM1, and GSTP1): an exposure assessment study of typically developing Jamaican children

Zaman, Sheikh Farzana; Samms-Vaughan, Maureen; Saroukhani, Sepideh; Bressler, Jan; Hessabi, Manouchehr; Grove, Megan L.; Pellington, Sydonnie Shakespeare; Loveland, Katherine A.; Rahbar, Mohammad H.

doi:10.1186/s12887-023-04452-w

Table 2 Associations of environmental factors and children’s GST genotypes with blood Hg concentrations based on univariable General Linear Models (GLMs) (n = 375)

From: Factors associated with blood mercury concentrations and their interactions with three glutathione S-transferase genes (GSTT1, GSTM1, and GSTP1): an exposure assessment study of typically developing Jamaican children

Exposure Variables	Category		Yes		No		Ratio of Mean Hg^** [Exposure Yes vs. No] (95% CI)	P value ^***
Exposure Variables	Category		Mean Hg ^* (µg/L)	N	Mean Hg ^* (µg/L)	N	Ratio of Mean Hg^** [Exposure Yes vs. No] (95% CI)	P value ^***
Child’s age (months)	Age ≥ 72		0.88	94	0.71	281	1.25 (1.05, 1.48)	0.01
Child’s sex	Male		0.75	307	0.76	68	0.98 (0.81, 1.19)	0.84
Child’s race	Afro-Caribbean		0.75	365	0.85	10	0.87 (0.55, 1.39)	0.57
Parish of child’s birth	Kingston parish		0.76	232	0.73	143	1.04 (0.89, 1.21)	0.61
Socioeconomic status (SES)	Own a car		0.76	151	0.74	224	1.04 (0.89, 1.21)	0.66
Maternal age at child’s birth (years) ^a	≥ 35		0.70	43	0.75	326	0.93 (0.73, 1.17)	0.53
Parental education levels at child’s birth ^b	At least one of the parents had education beyond high school ^c		0.71	157	0.78	199	0.91 (0.78, 1.07)	0.26
Source of drinking water ^d	Piped water		0.74	358	0.87	16	0.85 (0.59, 1.23)	0.40
Source of cooking water ^e	Piped water		0.74	362	0.69	11	1.07 (0.69, 1.66)	0.76
Traffic	Lived near a high-traffic road ^f		0.71	145	0.77	230	0.92 (0.79, 1.08)	0.30
Seafood consumption	Saltwater fish		0.83	260	0.59	115	1.40 (1.19, 1.64)	< 0.01
	Freshwater fish (pond fish, tilapia)		0.83	120	0.71	255	1.16 (0.99, 1.37)	0.06
	Sardine, mackerel (canned fish)		0.79	316	0.57	59	1.37 (1.12, 1.68)	< 0.01
	Tuna (canned fish)		0.84	135	0.70	240	1.21 (1.03, 1.41)	0.02
	Salted fish (pickled mackerel		0.78	295	0.66	80	1.18 (0.98, 1.41)	0.08
	Shellfish (lobsters, crabs)		0.90	48	0.73	327	1.23 (0.99, 1.54)	0.07
	Shrimp		0.88	66	0.72	309	1.22 (1.01, 1.49)	0.045
Organ/meat consumption	Liver		0.79	232	0.68	143	1.16 (0.99, 1.35)	0.07
Grain and starches consumption	White rice or rice and peas		0.75	368	0.82	7	0.91 (0.52, 1.58)	0.74
	Fried dumpling (Festival dumpling)		0.74	304	0.79	71	0.93 (0.77, 1.13)	0.47
	Boiled dumpling		0.74	337	0.85	38	0.87 (0.68, 1.11)	0.27
	White bread		0.72	241	0.81	127	0.89 (0.76, 1.04)	0.14
	Whole wheat bread		0.77	239	0.71	136	1.09 (0.94, 1.28)	0.26
	Cakes/buns		0.74	319	0.78	56	0.95 (0.77, 1.18)	0.66
	Porridge (cornmeal, oatmeal)		0.74	343	0.84	32	0.88 (0.68, 1.15)	0.36
	Cold breakfast cereal		0.74	301	0.79	74	0.94 (0.78, 1.13)	0.50
	Pasta, macaroni, noodles		0.73	325	0.88	50	0.83 (0.67, 1.03)	0.10
Beans consumption	Peas, beans, Nuts	Red peas, gungo peas	0.79	299	0.62	76	1.28 (1.06,1.54)	0.01
		Broad beans	0.80	224	0.68	151	1.17 (1.01, 1.36)	0.04
		Peanuts, cashews	0.75	294	0.75	81	1.00 (0.83, 1.19)	0.97
Fruits and vegetable consumption	Root vegetables	Yam, sweet potato, dasheen, coco	0.75	259	0.74	116	1.02 (0.86, 1.20)	0.84
	Root vegetables	Carrot, pumpkin	0.75	325	0.76	50	0.98 (0.78, 1.22)	0.84
	Leafy vegetables	Lettuce	0.81	234	0.65	141	1.25 (1.07, 1.45)	0.01
		Callaloo, broccoli, or pak choi	0.77	307	0.68	68	1.13 (0.93, 1.37)	0.23
		Cabbage	0.74	233	0.76	142	0.98 (0.84, 1.14)	0.81
	Legumes	String beans	0.87	162	0.67	213	1.31 (1.13, 1.52)	< 0.01
	Fruit	Tomatoes	0.76	280	0.73	95	1.04 (0.87, 1.23)	0.68
		Ackee	0.76	259	0.73	116	1.05 (0.89, 1.23)	0.58
		Avocado	0.81	229	0.67	146	1.21 (1.04, 1.41)	0.02
		Green banana	0.75	265	0.75	110	1.00 (0.85, 1.18)	0.98
		Fried plantain	0.76	318	0.70	57	1.08 (0.88, 1.33)	0.47
Genes	GSTT1 (I*) ^{g, i}		0.76	264	0.72	92	1.06 (0.89, 1.26)	0.51
	GSTM1(I*) ^{g, j}		0.74	268	0.79	89	0.93 (0.78, 1.11)	0.41
	GSTP1(Ile/Ile) ^{h, k}		0.71	96			REF
	GSTP1(Ile/Val)		0.82	182	0.71	96	1.15 (0.96, 1.38)	0.13
	GSTP1(Val/Val)		0.66	81	0.71	96	0.92 (0.74, 1.14)	0.43

^* Mean Hg indicates the geometric mean of blood Hg = Exp [Mean (ln Hg)]. ^** Ratio of mean Hg indicates the ratio of the geometric mean blood Hg = Exp [Mean (ln Hg) in Yes vs. No exposure groups] calculated using the SAS ESTIMATE option for GLM. ^*** P-values are based on GLM that compare geometric mean BHgCs between children who had the characteristic described (in the “Yes” column) vs. those who did not (in the “No” column), the “Yes” column includes participants who had the characteristic described for the categories in each variable and the “No” column includes participants who did not have those features described for the categories in each variable. ^a Maternal age was missing for 6 participants. ^b Parental education level was missing for 19 participants. ^c Beyond high school education means attended a vocational, tertiary college, or university. ^d Source of drinking water was missing for 1 participant. ^e Source of cooking water was missing for 2 participants. ^f Child lived within a quarter of a mile of a high traffic road. ^g I* indicates the homozygote (I/I) or a heterozygote (I/D) for GSTT1 and GSTM1 genes. ^h GSTP1 gene has three genotypes (Ile/Ile, Ile/Val, and Val/Val). ⁱ GSTT1 was missing for 19 children. ^j GSTM1 was missing for 18 children. ^k GSTP1 was missing for 16 children

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ISSN: 1471-2431

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