Table 2 Results of quality assessment using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale for cohort studies
Study | Selection | Comparability | Outcome | Scores | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Representa-tiveness of exposure | Selection of the non- exposure | Ascertainment of exposure | Demonstration that outcome was not present at start | Cohorts on the basis of the design or analysis | Assessment | Long follow-up for outcomes to occur | Adequacy of follow up | ||
Isong, 2014 [15] | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 9 |
Stein, 2014 [7] | ☆ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 8 |
Cermak,2015 [16] | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | 9 |
G.Lefer,2018 [13] | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ ★ | ☆ | ★ | ★ | 8 |
YePark, 2022 [22] | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ ★ | ☆ | ★ | ★ | 8 |
Fallea, 2022 [29] | ☆ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ ★ | ☆ | ★ | ★ | 7 |