Impact of dog and/or cat ownership on functional constipation at 3 years of age: the Japan Environment and Children’s study

Table 2 Associations between dog and/or cat ownership and functional constipation

Variable	Functional constipation		Univariate	Multivariate
	No, n (%)	Yes, n (%)	Crude OR (95% CI)	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
	65,325 (88.4)	8,459 (11.6)	Crude OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Dog and/or cat ownership
Non-ownership	50,745 (88.6)	6,519 (11.4)	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Infant-period ownership (until 6 months of age)	6,721 (87.1)	994 (12.9)	1.15 (1.07–1.24)	1.13 (1.05–1.22)	1.11 (1.02–1.20)	1.09 (1.01–1.19)
Current ownership (at 3 years of age)	1,157 (89.3)	138 (10.7)	0.93 (0.78–1.11)	0.89 (0.74–1.07)	0.92 (0.76–1.12)	0.80 (0.80–1.22)
Long-term ownership (until 6 months and at 3 years of age)	6,702 (87.5)	960 (12.5)	1.12 (1.04–1.20)	1.08 (1.00–1.16)	1.07 (0.99–1.15)	1.01 (0.99–1.02)

Model 1 was adjusted for demographic covariates, including maternal age at delivery, pre-pregnancy body mass index, maternal highest level of education, annual household income at 3 years of age, and marital status
Model 2 was adjusted for the covariates in model 1 in addition to perinatal covariates, including maternal gestational weight gain, parity, caesarian section at delivery, gender, birth weight, gender, and breastfeeding initiation at 1 month of age
Model 3 was adjusted for the covariates in model 2 in addition to covariates in infancy, including started solid baby food at 6 months of age, parental smoking status at 3 years of age, Kaup index at 3 years of age, wearing a diaper during sleep at 3 years of age, attendance at preschool or childcare facility (daycare center/nursery) at 3 years of age, and daily time playing outside during summer after becoming 2 years of age
OR Odds ratio, CI Confidence interval

ISSN: 1471-2431