Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients ICU-hospitalized with diabetic ketoacidosis
Clinical characteristics | Overall (n = 52) | Low-intensity ICU (n = 36) | High-intensity ICU (n = 16) | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex, female (%) | 32 (61.54) | 24 (66.67) | 8 (50.00) | 0.356 | |||
Age, years | 13.00 (9.00, 15.00) | 13.00 (8.50, 15.00) | 12.50 (10.00, 14.25) | 0.842 | |||
Height, SDSa | 0.22 (-0.47, 0.79) | 0.11 (-0.47, 0.77) | 0.28 (-0.22, 1.29) | 0.420 | |||
Weight, SDS | -0.61 (-1.81, 0.84) | -0.63 (-1.36, 0.59) | 0.50 (-0.97, 2.11) | 0.127 | |||
BMI, SDSb | -0.40 (-1.56, 1.01) | -0.40 (-1.66, 0.52) | -0.29 (-1.48, 1.98) | 0.393 | |||
Diagnosis | 0.073 | ||||||
Type 1 diabetes (%) | 41 (78.85) | 31 (86.11) | 10 (62.50) | ||||
Type 2 diabetes (%) | 11 (21.15) | 5 (13.89) | 6 (37.50) | ||||
Severity of DKA | 0.068 | ||||||
Moderate (%) | 20 (38.46) | 17 (47.22) | 3 (18.75) | ||||
Severe (%) | 32 (61.54) | 19 (52.78) | 13 (81.25) | ||||
New-onset diabetes (%) | 38 (73.08) | 28 (77.78) | 10 (62.5) | 0.316 | |||
Weight loss, % | 8.05 (4.75, 12.98) | 7.95 (4.55, 12.22) | 12.25 (5.62, 15.48) | 0.254 | |||
Glasgow coma scale | 15.00 (12.00, 15.00) | 15.00 (12.00, 15.00) | 15.00 (12.75, 15.00) | 0.746 | |||
Coma state (%) | 2 (3.85) | 2 (5.56) | 0 (0.00) | 0.642 | |||
Insurance | 0.562 | ||||||
Medical aid (%) | 9 (17.31) | 5 (13.89) | 4 (25.00) | ||||
National health insurance (%) | 43 (82.69) | 31 (86.11) | 12 (75.00) | ||||
Precipitating factors | 0.133 | ||||||
Infection | 16 (30.77) | 14 (38.89) | 2 (12.50) | ||||
Non-compliance to treatment | 6 (11.54) | 2 (5.56) | 4 (25.00) | ||||
Unknown causes | 10 (19.23) | 7 (19.44) | 3 (18.8) | ||||
Indiscretion with sugar | 6 (11.54) | 3 (8.33) | 3 (18.75) | ||||
Puberty | 14 (26.92) | 10 (27.78) | 4 (25.00) | ||||
Initial laboratory data | |||||||
pH | 7.08 (6.96, 7.16) | 7.12 (7.01, 7.19) | 7.04 (6.93, 7.08) | 0.028 | |||
pCO2, mmHg | 14.95 (12.15, 20.27) | 14.95 (12.00, 20.27) | 14.95 (14.00, 18.80) | 0.758 | |||
Bicarbonate, mmol/L | 4.25 (3.00, 6.43) | 4.85 (3.08, 6.70) | 4.05 (2.92, 4.80) | 0.171 | |||
Random glucose, mg/dL | 486.00 (377.25, 604.25) | 486.00 (377.25, 640.75) | 493.50 (379.50, 541.00) | 0.634 | |||
Serum osmolality, mOsm/Kgc | 317.50 (308.75, 323.00) | 315.50 (307.25, 319.50) | 321.50 (317.25, 337.50) | 0.038 | |||
HbA1c, % | 12.95 (11.17, 13.77) | 12.95 (11.17, 13.70) | 13.25 (11.25, 14.05) | 0.670 | |||
Corrected sodium, mmol/L | 138.80 (136.20, 142.33) | 137.80 (136.15, 141.05) | 140.20 (138.05, 146.93) | 0.106 | |||
Potassium, mmol/L | 4.15 (3.68, 4.60) | 4.10 (3.70, 4.60) | 4.35 (3.58, 4.85) | 0.781 | |||
Anion gap, ml/dL | 21.90 (19.38, 28.08) | 20.95 (18.17, 24.77) | 27.45 (20.25, 30.00) | 0.011 | |||
Base excess, mmol/L | -25.00 (-27.55, -21.85) | -24.15 (-27.75, -20.98) | -26.05 (-27.30, -24.20) | 0.211 | |||
Lactate, mmol/L | 1.50 (1.00, 2.25) | 1.45 (1.00, 2.00) | 1.75 (0.98, 3.15) | 0.388 | |||
BUN, mg/dL | 16.00 (11.75, 20.77) | 16.05 (11.75, 20.70) | 16.00 (11.82, 21.02) | 0.827 | |||
Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.94 (0.70, 1.16) | 0.91 (0.65, 1.13) | 1.03 (0.82, 1.20) | 0.134 | |||
eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2,d | 66.47 (54.20, 75.07) | 67.11 (56.06, 78.58) | 56.69 (46.95, 72.62) | 0.153 | |||
C-peptide serum, ng/mL | 0.41 (0.19, 0.83) | 0.41 (0.29, 0.64) | 0.41 (0.16, 1.66) | 0.970 | |||
Ketone, urine dipstick | 4.00 (3.75, 4.00) | 4.00 (4.00, 4.00) | 4 (3.00, 4.00) | 0.144 | |||
WBC, 103/ul | 19.01 (10.31, 28.84) | 20.04 (10.42, 29.91) | 14.70 (10.17, 24.25) | 0.500 | |||
Hematocrit, % | 43.15 (40.90, 47.65) | 41.75 (38.77, 45.83) | 47.70 (42.85, 50.80) | 0.002 | |||
CRP, mg/L | 1.72 (0.28, 9.14) | 1.88 (0.32, 6.90) | 0.80 (0.19, 11.70) | 0.648 | |||