Table 1 Characteristics of all the studies included in the systematic review and meta-analysis
Author | Year | Country | Continent | No. of Paticipants | Diagnostic age (year) | Ajusted factors | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Child factors | Maternal factors | |||||||
| Â | Â | Â | Â | CS | VD | Â | Â | Â |
Nafstad [25] | 2000 | Norway | Europe | 279 | 2,193 | 4.3 | NA | |
Xu [26] | 2000 | Finland | Europe | 1,147 | 6,386 | 7 | Sex, GA, BW, birth seasons | Age, parity, pregnancy (smoking, BMI before, weight gain), allergic disorders history, status, social class |
Annesi-Maesano [27] | 2001 | UK | Europe | NA | NA | 1–18 | Sex, age, BW < 2.5 kg, prematurity, birth order, sibship size | Age, parity, pregnancy smoking, asthma |
McKeever [29] | 2002 | UK | Europe | 4,073 | 18,573 | 0–11 | NA | |
Kero [28] | 2002 | Finland | Europe | 8,826 | 51,039 | 7 | Sex, BW | Age, previous deliveries |
Maitra [30] | 2004 | UK | Europe | 1,387 | 10,980 | 5–8 | Sex, BW, preterm delivery, breastfeeding duration | Age, asthma/eczema and hayfever, pregnancy smoking, environmental tobacco smoke exposure at 6 months, education, number of 0–15 years old in household, crowding in home, damp housing, household cats, ethnicity |
Bernsen [31] | 2005 | Netherlands | Europe | 85 | 1,627 | 6 | Sex, sibship size, birth order, birth season, birth year, age at the check-up time, diphtheria tetanus pertussis poliomyelitis vaccination status | Age, atopic disease (parents), occupation of the breadwinner level, urbanization level, origin country |
Renz-Polster [33] | 2005 | USA | North America | 1,286 | 6,586 | 3–10 | Sex, BW, birth order, diagnosis age | Age, pregnancy smoking, multiple gestation, asthma/hay fever medications use, exposure to antibiotics in the postpartum period, marital status, education, ethnicity |
Juhn [32] | 2005 | USA | North America | 714 | 6,392 | 7 | Sex, BW | Age, education |
Salam [34] | 2006 | USA | North America | 717 | 2,747 | 8–17 | Sex, GA, BW, birth order, birth calendar period, requirement for special care after birth | Age at childbirth, asthma and allergy history (parents), pregnancy smoking, environmental tobacco smoke exposure, disease history (pneumonia, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, croup), parents or guardians education, health insurance coverage, residence community, race |
Werner [35] | 2007 | Denmark | Europe | 841 | 6,278 |  ≤ 18 | Sex, breastfeeding | Age, previous deliveries, pregnancy smoking, educational level |
Pistiner [36] | 2008 | USA | North America | 102 | 330 | 9 | NA | |
Tollånes [37] | 2008 | Norway | Europe | 136,735 | 1,520,088 | 0–18 | Sex, birth order, birth year | Age, asthma, education |
Roduit [38] | 2009 | Netherlands | Europe | 247 | 2,670 | 8 | Sex, BW, breastfeeding | BMI, education, allergy status (parents) |
Park [40] | 2010 | Korea | Asia | 100 | 179 | 4.6 ± 3.8 | Sex, GA, BW, breastfeeding | Age, allergy (parents) |
Davidson [39] | 2010 | UK | Europe | 18,462 | 230,150 | 2–11 | Sex, GA, BW, breastfed or not, Apgar 1, birth year | Age, parity, smoking, asthma, forceps delivery, marital status, social class |
Magnus [41] | 2011 | Norway | Europe | 5,020 | 32,151 | 3 | Sex, GA, BW, exclusive breastfeeding duration, childcare attendance | Age, parity, pregnancy (smoking, BMI before, chronic conditions before, complications), indication of personal preference for CS, previous delivery by CS, atopy, membrane rupture indication, marital status, educational level |
Almqvist [42] | 2012 | Sweden | Europe | 16,460 | 145,341 |  > 10 | Sex, GA, BW, birth order, Apgar score, hypoxia/asphyxia | Age, pregnancy smoking, birth country, BMI, living with child father |
Bråbäck [43] | 2013 | Sweden | Europe | 29,925 | 143,347 | 2–5; 6–9 | Sex, GA (small or large), birth year, meconium aspiration, neonatal respiratory distress, transient tachypnoea | Age, smoking, education, BMI, chorioamnionitis, history of diabetes and hypertension, premature rupture of the membranes, preeclampsia, pregnancy diabetes, HDP, fever during labour, asthma medication (parents), social welfare, urban/rural living, county |
Pyrhönen [44] | 2013 | Finland | Europe | 551 | 2,630 | 1–4 | Sex, BW, birth order, breastfeeding duration | Pregnancy (smoking, duration), allergy (parents) |
Black [45] | 2015 | UK | Europe | 68,370 | 252,917 | 5 | GA, BW, birth year, male infant, breastfeeding at 6Â weeks | Age, smoking status, salbutamol prescription, Carstairs decile |
Brüske [46] | 2015 | Germany | Europe | 389 | 1,461 | 15 | Sex, GA | Education level (parents), study center |
Kristensen [48] | 2016 | Denmark | Europe | 124,130 | 666,439 | 0–14 | Sex, GA, BW | Age, pregnancy smoking, pregnancy complications (preeclampsia, eclampsia, hemorrhage, and hyperemesis) |
Sevelsted [49] | 2016 | Denmark | Europe | 163,462 | 696,864 | 0–15 | Sex, GA, BW, calendar year | Age, multiple births, parity, pregnancy (smoking, antibiotics), employment status, asthma |
Black [47] | 2016 | UK | Europe | 26,766 | 13,379 |  > 6 | GA, male infant, BW, birth year, breastfeeding at 6 weeks | Age, smoking status, salbutamol prescription, Carstairs decile |
Rusconi [51] | 2017 | mutiple countries | Europe | NA | NA | 5–9 | Sex, GA, weight for GA, birth year, birth country | Age, parity, education, pregnancy (smoking, BMI before, and diabetes), HDP, asthma |
Lavin [20] | 2017 | India | Asia | 289 | 1,717 | 8 | Sex, term low BW | Age, liveborn parity, household smoking, cooking fuel, geographic location, livestock ownership, housing quality, household size, wealth index |
Vietnam | 178 | 1,760 | ||||||
Chen [50] | 2017 | China | Asia | 6,556 | 13,143 | 5.5 | Sex, GA, birth order | Age, education level, family monthly income |
Peters [52] | 2018 | Australia | Oceania | 107,560 | 185,883 | 5 | Sex, GA (small or large), BW, birth trauma | Age, parity, pharmacological pain medication or anesthesia at birth, birth country, socioeconomic status |
Liao [53] | 2020 | Australia | Oceania | 2,138 | 4,651 | 6–7 | GA, BW | Age, pregnancy smoking, birth country, Socio-economic Indexes for Areas |
Soullane [55] | 2021 | Canada | North America | 216,547 | 645,427 |  ≤ 13 | Sex | Age, parity, atopy, HDP, diabetes (pregnancy or preexisting), illicit use (drug, alcohol, and tobacco), socioeconomic disadvantage, time period |
Brew [54] | 2021 | Australia | Oceania | 5,755 | 20,018 | 1–4 | NA | Asthma, medical conditions, remoteness |
Salem [56] | 2022 | Switzerland | Europe | 65 | 306 | 6 | Sex, GA, BW, exclusive breastfeeding duration, older siblings, childcare attendance | Age, pregnancy smoking, atopy status, current smoking (parents) |
Wang [19] | 2023 | China | Asia | 305,890 | 583,303 | 9 | GA, BW, birth length | Age, parity, allergic diseases, pregnancy diabetes, preeclampsia, urbanization levels |
O’Connor [57] | 2023 | UK | Europe | 3,873 | 14,340 | 7, 11, 14 | GA (small) | Age, BMI, asthma, pregnancy smoking, HDP, diabetes, education, ethnicity, income quintile |