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Table 3 Oral habits and nose and throat conditions in preschool children aged 3–6 years

From: Incompetent lip seal and nail biting as risk factors for malocclusion in Japanese preschool children aged 3–6 years

 

3 years old

4 years old

5 years old

6 years old

Total

(n = 119)

(n = 171)

(n = 146)

(n = 67)

(n = 503)

Incompetent lip seal

26.1%

32.7%

25.3%

23.9%

27.8%

 severe

12.6%

17.5%

15.8%

16.4%

15.7%

Habit

     

 Nail biting

16.0%

22.2%

17.1%

19.4%

18.9%

 Finger sucking

7.6%

8.2%

6.8%

9.0%

7.8%

 Lip sucking or lip biting

5.0%

1.2%

4.1%

1.5%

3.0%

 Chin resting on a hand

0.8%

0.6%

6.2%

7.5%

3.2%a,b

Nose and throat condition

     

 Nasal obstruction

30.3%

34.5%

27.4%

26.9%

30.4%

 Allergic rhinitis

5.9%

17.0%

18.5%

34.3%

17.1%a,b

 Palatine tonsil hypertrophy

1.7%

4.1%

3.4%

6.0%

3.6%c

  1. a: P < 0.001 (Cochran-Armitage test for trend)
  2. b: P < 0.05 (Chi-squared test between boys and girls)
  3. Chin resting on a hand (boys: 5.0%; girls: 1.2%)
  4. Allergic rhinitis (boys: 20.9%; girls: 13.1%)
  5. c: P < 0.01 (Chi-squared test between boys and girls) (boys: 5.8%; girls: 1.2%)