Factors associated with overweight/obesity of children aged 6–12 years in Indonesia

Oktaviani, Sofi; Mizutani, Mayumi; Nishide, Ritsuko; Tanimura, Susumu

doi:10.1186/s12887-023-04321-6

BMC Pediatrics

Table 1 Participants’ characteristics and bivariate analysis of child’s nutritional status and potential factors

From: Factors associated with overweight/obesity of children aged 6–12 years in Indonesia

			Child’s nutritional status				P-value
	Total (n = 6090)		Normal (n = 5022)		Overweight/ obesity (n = 1068)
	n	%	n	%	n	%
Personal level
Age (n = 6090)
6 years old	921	15.1	773	83.9	148	16.1	0.134
7 years old	869	14.3	734	84.5	135	15.5
8 years old	918	15.1	768	83.7	150	16.3
9 years old	900	14.8	732	81.3	168	18.7
10 years old	858	14.1	698	81.4	160	18.6
11 years old	891	14.6	732	82.2	159	17.8
12 years old	733	12.0	585	79.8	148	20.2
Sex (n = 6090)
Boys	3105	51.0	2535	81.6	570	18.4	0.890
Girls	2985	49.0	2487	83.3	498	16.7
Child’s FCS (n = 6079)
Acceptable (> 35)	4166	68.5	3405	81.7	761	18.3	0.022
Borderline (21–35)	1720	28.3	1439	83.7	281	16.3
Poor (< 21)	193	3.2	170	88.1	23	11.9
Familial level
Father’s education (n = 5452)
No school	107	2.0	101	94.4	6	5.6	< 0.001
Primary school	1703	31.2	1507	88.5	196	11.5
Middle school	1056	19.3	900	85.2	156	14.8
High school	1896	34.8	1513	79.8	383	20.2
Higher education	690	12.7	492	71.3	198	28.7
Mother’s education (n = 5831)
No school	120	2.0	109	90.8	11	9.2	< 0.001
Primary school	1814	31.1	1585	87.4	229	12.6
Middle school	1322	22.7	1141	86.3	181	13.7
High school	1835	31.5	1439	78.4	396	21.6
Higher education	740	12.7	532	71.9	208	28.1
Living with grandparents (n = 6081)
Yes	1375	22.6	1121	81.5	254	18.5	0.294
No	4706	77.4	3895	82.8	811	17.2
Father’s perception of child’s food consumption (n = 4593)
Less than adequate	679	14.8	635	93.5	44	6.5	< 0.001
Just adequate	2831	61.6	2356	83.2	475	16.8
More than adequate	1083	23.6	848	78.3	235	21.7
Mother’s perception of child’s food consumption (n = 5554)
Less than adequate	648	11.7	587	90.6	61	9.4	< 0.001
Just adequate	3046	54.8	2563	84.1	483	15.9
More than adequate	1860	33.5	1456	78.3	404	21.7
Father’s FCS (n = 4639)
Acceptable (> 35)	2884	62.2	2388	82.8	496	17.2	0.112
Borderline (21–35)	1586	34.2	1338	84.4	248	15.6
Poor (< 21)	169	3.6	149	88.2	20	11.8
Mother’s FCS (n = 5589)
Acceptable (> 35)	3354	60.0	2765	82.4	589	17.6	0.121
Borderline (21–35)	2037	36.5	1693	83.1	344	16.9
Poor (< 21)	198	3.5	174	87.9	24	12.1
Father’s nutritional status (n = 4758)
Underweight	344	7.2	322	93.6	22	6.4	< 0.001
Normal	2949	62.0	2577	87.4	372	12.6
Overweight	1202	25.3	909	75.6	293	24.4
Obesity	263	5.5	167	63.5	96	36.5
Mother’s nutritional status (n = 5657)
Underweight	207	3.7	167	80.7	40	19.3	0.011
Normal	2621	46.3	2209	84.3	412	15.7
Overweight	1932	34.2	1582	81.9	350	18.1
Obesity	897	15.9	716	79.8	181	20.2
Environmental level
Region (n = 6090)
Rural	2467	40.5	2170	88.0	297	12.0	< 0.001
Urban	3623	59.5	2852	78.7	771	21.3
Father’s language (n = 5051)
Indonesia	733	14.5	558	76.1	175	23.9	< 0.001
Other	3211	63.6	2765	86.1	446	13.9
Indonesia and other	1107	21.9	881	79.6	226	20.4
Mother’s language (n = 5711)
Indonesia	888	15.5	666	75.0	222	25.0	< 0.001
Other	3600	63.0	3060	85.0	540	15.0
Indonesia and other	1223	21.5	1002	81.9	221	18.1
Ethnicity (n = 6056)
Sundanese	740	12.2	617	83.4	123	16.6	< 0.001
Acehnese	11	0.2	5	45.5	6	54.5
Ambon	2	0.0	2	100.0	0	0.0
Bali	286	4.7	236	82.5	50	17.5
Banjar	203	3.4	165	81.3	38	18.7
Banten	24	0.4	24	100.0	0	0.0
Batak	362	6.0	315	87.0	47	13.0
Betawi	283	4.7	214	75.6	69	24.4
Bima-Dompu	118	1.9	109	92.4	9	7.6
Bugis	259	4.3	221	85.3	38	14.7
Cirebon	2	0.0	0	0.0	2	100.0
Chinese	14	0.2	8	57.1	6	42.9
Dayak	3	0.0	2	66.7	1	33.3
Javanese	2415	39.9	1919	79.5	496	20.5
Komering	19	0.3	17	89.5	2	10.5
Maduranese	135	2.2	117	86.7	18	13.3
Makasar	123	2.0	109	88.6	14	11.4
Manado	2	0.0	1	50.0	1	50.0
Melayu	39	0.6	28	71.8	11	28.2
Minang	368	6.1	305	82.9	63	17.1
Nias	40	0.7	39	97.5	1	2.5
Palembang	60	1.0	47	78.3	13	21.7
Sasak	253	4.2	234	92.5	19	7.5
Sumbawa	25	0.4	23	92.0	2	8.0
Other Southern Sumatrans	234	3.9	203	86.8	31	13.2
Toraja	36	0.6	33	91.7	3	8.3

Fisher’s exact test. FCS: food consumption score

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