Table 1 Weighted Distribution of respondent’s characteristics by survey year
2003 (n = 1151) [n (%)] | 2008 (n = 5570) [n (%)] | 2013 (n = 6281) [n (%)] | 2018 (n = 6562) [n (%)] | Total (n = 19,564) [n (%)] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Level 1 (Individual Level Characteristics) | |||||
Age (Median; (IQR))years | (28; (23–33)) | ||||
15–24 years | 345 (30.0) | 1,618 (29.1) | 1,795 (28.6) | 1,877 (28.6) | 5,635 (28.8) |
25–34 years | 555 (48.2) | 2,720 (48.8) | 3,063 (48.8) | 3,207 (48.9) | 9,545 (48.8) |
35–49 years | 251 (21.8) | 1,232 (22.1) | 1,423 (22.7) | 1,478 (22.5) | 4,384 (22.4) |
Level of Education | |||||
No formal education | 550 (47.8) | 2,779 (49.9) | 2,862 (45.6) | 2,872 (43.8) | 9,063 (46.3) |
Primary education | 297 (25.8) | 1,257 (22.6) | 1,231 (19.6) | 983 (15.0) | 3,768 (19.3) |
Secondary education | 265 (23.0) | 1,261 (22.6) | 1,736 (27.6) | 2,175 (33.5) | 5,437 (28.0) |
Tertiary education | 39 (3.4) | 273 (4.9) | 452 (7.2) | 532 (8.1) | 1,296 (7.2) |
Religion | |||||
Christian | 231 (20.6) | 2,407 (44.2) | 2,403 (37.9) | 2,503 (37.5) | 7,544 (38.5) |
Islam | 116 (14.9) | 2,960 (54.4) | 3,843 (60.6) | 4,146 (62.0) | 11,116 (56.7) |
Others | 724 (64.5) | 79 (1.5) | 101 (1.6) | 34 (1.0) | 938 (4.8) |
Working Status | |||||
Not currently working | 427 (37.1) | 2,040 (36.6) | 1,931 (30.7) | 2,201 (33.5) | 6,599 (33.7) |
Currently Working | 724 (62.9) | 3,530 (63.4) | 4,350 (69.3) | 4,361 (66.5) | 12,965 (66.3) |
Wanted child | |||||
Wanted then | 967 (84.0) | 4,960 (89.1) | 5,550 (88.4) | 5,648 (86.1) | 17,125 (87.5) |
Did not want then | 184 (16.0) | 610 (11.0) | 731 (11.6) | 914 (13.9) | 2,439 (12.5) |
Attendant on delivery | |||||
Unskilled | 714 (62.0) | 3,851 (69.1) | 3,885 (61.9) | 3,823 (58.3) | 12,273 (62.7) |
Skilled | 437 (38.0) | 1,719 (30.9) | 2,396 (38.2) | 2,739 (41.7) | 7,291 (37.3) |
Exposure to media | |||||
Not exposed at all | 290 (25.2) | 2,000 (35.9) | 2,218 (35.3) | 2,628 (40.1) | 7,136 (36.5) |
Partially exposed | 530 (46.1) | 2,078 (37.3) | 2,600 (41.4) | 2,740 (41.8) | 7,948 (40.6) |
Very Exposed | 331 (28.8) | 1,492 (26.8) | 1,463 (23.3) | 1,194 (18.2) | 4,480 (22.9) |
Birth order of child | (3; (2–5)) | ||||
First | 212 (208) | 1,033 (18.6) | 1,223 (19.5) | 1,250 (19.1) | 3,718 (19.0) |
Second | 208 (18.1) | 937 (16.8) | 1,075 (17.1) | 1,209 (18.4) | 3,429 (17.5) |
Third | 166 (14.4) | 832 (14.9) | 893 (14.2) | 1,022 (15.6) | 2,913 (14.9) |
Fourth and above | 565 (49.1) | 2,768 (49.7) | 3,090 (49.2) | 3,081 (47.0) | 9,504 (48.6) |
Wealth Status | |||||
Bottom 33% | 306 (26.6) | 1,936 (34.8) | 2,169 (34.5) | 2,111 (32.2) | 6,522 (33.3) |
Average | 484 (42.1) | 1,908 (34.3) | 2,023 (32.2) | 2,106 (32.1) | 6,521 (33.3) |
Top 33% | 361 (31.4) | 1,726 (31.0) | 2,089 (33.3) | 2,345 (35.7) | 6,521 (33.3) |
Number of ANC visit | (4; (0–7)) | ||||
No visit | 460 (40.0) | 2,843 (51.0) | 2,508 (39.9) | 1,974 (30.1) | 7,785 (39.8) |
1–3 visits | 158 (13.7) | 584 (10.4) | 707 (11.3) | 1,048 (16.0) | 2,497 (12.8) |
4–7 visits | 258 (22.4) | 1,157 (20.8) | 1,578 (25.1) | 2,405 (36.7) | 5,398 (27.6) |
8 or more visits | 275 (23.9) | 986 (17.7) | 1,488 (23.7) | 1,135 (17.3) | 3,884 (19.9) |
Sex of the child | |||||
Male | 586 (50.9) | 2,792 (50.1) | 3,302 (52.6) | 3,411 (52.0) | 10.091 (51.6) |
Female | 565 (49.1) | 2,778 (49.9) | 2,979 (47.4) | 3,151 (48.0) | 9,473 (48.4) |
Healthcare decision maker | |||||
Self | 144 (12.5) | 395 (7.1) | 313 (5.0) | 511 (7.8) | 1,363 (7.0) |
Husband alone | 831 (72.2) | 3,177 (57.0) | 3,731 (59.4) | 3,753 (57.2) | 11,492 (58.7) |
Joint | 117 (10.2) | 1,723 (30.9) | 1,879 (29.9) | 1,920 (29.3) | 5,639 (28.8) |
Other/Unknown | 59 (5.1) | 275 (4.9) | 358 (5.7) | 378 (5.8) | 1,070 (5.5) |
Level 2 (Community Level Characteristics) | |||||
Place of residence | |||||
Urban | 430 (37.4) | 1,478 (26.6) | 2,064 (32.9) | 2,259 (34.4) | 6,231 (31.9) |
Rural | 721 (62.6) | 4,092 (73.5) | 4,217 (67.1) | 4,303 (65.6) | 13,333 (68.2) |
Community poverty rate | |||||
Low | 225 (19.6) | 1634 (29.3) | 1795 (28.6) | 2967 (45.2) | 6621 (33.8) |
Average | 518 (45.0) | 2038 (36.6) | 2156 (34.3) | 1737 (26.5) | 6449 (33.0) |
High | 408 (35.5) | 1898 (34.1) | 2330 (37.1) | 1858 (28.3) | 6494 (33.2) |
Community illiteracy rate | |||||
Low | 116 (10.1) | 1581 (28.4) | 1843 (29.3) | 2986 (45.5) | 6526 (33.4) |
Average | 587 (51.0) | 2073 (37.2) | 2009 (32.0) | 1862 (28.4) | 6531 (33.4) |
High | 448 (38.9) | 1916 (34.4) | 2429 (38.7) | 1714 (26.1) | 6507 (33.3) |
Community unemployment | |||||
Low | 98 (8.5) | 1396 (25.1) | 1832 (29.2) | 3362 (51.2) | 6688 (34.2) |
Average | 340 (29.5) | 1951 (35) | 2248 (35.8) | 1846 (28.1) | 6385 (32.6) |
High | 713 (62) | 2223 (39.9) | 2201 (35) | 1354 (20.6) | 6491 (33.2) |
Level 3 (State Level Characteristics) | |||||
Rural proportion | |||||
Low rural proportion | 191 (16.6) | 1008 (18.1) | 1166 (18.6) | 1262 (19.2) | 3627 (18.5) |
Average rural proportion | 351 (30.5) | 1403 (25.2) | 1466 (23.3) | 1623 (24.7) | 4843 (24.8) |
High rural proportion | 609 (52.9) | 3159 (56.7) | 3649 (58.1) | 3677 (56.0) | 11,094 (56.7) |
Health facility per 100,000 | |||||
< 15 | 271 (23.5) | 1327 (23.8) | 1567 (25.0) | 1625 (24.8) | 4790 (24.5) |
15–25 | 683 (59.3) | 3158 (56.7) | 3522 (56.1) | 3576 (54.5) | 10,939 (55.9) |
> 25 | 197 (17.1) | 1085 (19.5) | 1192 (19.0) | 1361 (20.7) | 3835 (19.6) |
Distal Characteristic | |||||
Region of residence | |||||
North Central | 201 (17.5) | 938 (16.8) | 922 (14.7) | 1135 (17.3) | 3196 (16.3) |
North East | 268 (23.3) | 1271 (22.8) | 1277 (20.3) | 1433 (21.8) | 4249 (21.7) |
North West | 357 (31.0) | 1583 (28.4) | 1932 (30.8) | 1889 (28.8) | 5761 (29.5) |
South East | 99 (8.6) | 497 (8.9) | 605 (9.6) | 739 (11.3) | 1940 (9.9) |
South South | 111 (9.6) | 641 (11.5) | 788 (12.6) | 667 (10.2) | 2207 (11.3) |
South West | 115 (10.0) | 640 (11.5) | 757 (12.1) | 699 (10.7) | 2211 (11.3) |