Table 1 Distribution of under-5 GMNP in Rwanda across socioeconomic disadvantaged level
Variable | n (%) | Socioeconomic disadvantaged level | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Least disadvantaged (n = 2707) | Moderate disadvantaged (n = 2703) | Most disadvantaged (n = 2682) | ||
Child’s age (months) | ||||
0–11 | 1618 (20.0) | 22.0 | 31.2 | 34.7 |
12–23 | 1633 (20.2) | 25.0 | 40.2 | 43.5 |
24–35 | 1643 (20.3) | 26.0 | 43.9 | 38.8 |
36–47 | 1633 (20.2) | 26.4 | 39.2 | 39.4 |
48–59 | 1565 (19.3) | 30.6 | 40.2 | 46.1 |
P | 0.240 | 0.016* | 0.018* | |
Preceeding birth interval | ||||
< 24 months | 867 (10.7) | 25.2 | 38.9 | 40.0 |
24–48 months | 3618 (44.7) | 27.4 | 40.6 | 43.8 |
> 48 months | 1527 (18.9) | 27.1 | 37.9 | 38.6 |
First born | 2080 (25.7) | 19.9 | 30.7 | 32.9 |
P | 0.028* | 0.012* | 0.005* | |
Birthweight (kg) | ||||
< 2.5 | 541 (7.1) | 28.3 | 34.7 | 31.9 |
≥ 2.5 (normal weight) | 7118 (92.9) | 24.7 | 38.2 | 41.0 |
P | 0.441 | 0.499 | 0.087 | |
Sex of child | ||||
Male | 4095 (50.6) | 23.7 | 35.6 | 39.4 |
Female | 3997 (49.4) | 25.6 | 39.1 | 40.7 |
P | 0.411 | 0.154 | 0.619 | |
Place of delivery | ||||
Health facility | 7663 (94.7) | 25.0 | 37.7 | 40.0 |
Home | 429 (5.3) | 5.3 | 28.1 | 40.0 |
P | 0.048* | 0.121 | 0.995 | |
Mother’s age (years) | ||||
15–24 | 1287 (15.9) | 24.3 | 27.3 | 31.1 |
25–34 | 3949 (48.8) | 23.9 | 37.4 | 41.5 |
35+ | 2856 (35.3) | 26.5 | 43.0 | 43.5 |
P | 0.602 | < 0.001* | 0.001* | |
Family motility | ||||
< 5 years | 2791 (34.5) | 20.8 | 26.6 | 37.2 |
5 + years (native) | 5301 (65.5) | 28.4 | 42.8 | 41.2 |
P | 0.001* | < 0.001* | 0.147 | |
Mother’s education | ||||
No formal education | 918 (11.3) | 31.3 | 42.8 | 47.7 |
Primary | 5277 (65.2) | 26.8 | 37.3 | 39.6 |
Secondary+ | 1897 (23.4) | 21.8 | 34.9 | 29.7 |
P | 0.050 | 0.299 | < 0.001* | |
Household size | ||||
1–4 | 3084 (38.1) | 23.2 | 35.9 | 38.1 |
5–6 | 3154 (39.0) | 24.7 | 38.6 | 44.2 |
7+ | 1854 (22.9) | 27.0 | 37.1 | 36.4 |
P | 0.435 | 0.633 | 0.024* | |
Mother read newspaper | ||||
Disagree | 6528 (80.7) | 25.1 | 35.3 | 39.7 |
Agree | 1564 (19.3) | 23.8 | 47.2 | 42.2 |
P | 0.595 | < 0.001* | 0.492 | |
Mother listen to radio | ||||
Disagree | 1935 (23.9) | 23.1 | 33.6 | 35.4 |
Agree | 6157 (76.1) | 25.0 | 38.5 | 42.1 |
P | 0.545 | 0.098 | 0.012* | |
Mother watch tv | ||||
Disagree | 4946 (61.1) | 28.3 | 33.0 | 39.8 |
Agree | 3146 (38.9) | 21.7 | 45.5 | 40.6 |
P | 0.003* | < 0.001* | 0.758 | |
Mother surf internet | ||||
Disagree | 7431 (91.8) | 27.4 | 37.6 | 40.2 |
Agree | 661 (8.2) | 15.0 | 25.7 | 23.1 |
P | < 0.001* | 0.152 | 0.210 | |
Health insurance coverage | ||||
Disagree | 1523 (18.8) | 17.9 | 28.2 | 31.6 |
Agree | 6569 (81.2) | 25.9 | 39.1 | 42.3 |
P | 0.010* | 0.001* | < 0.001* | |
Mother’s marital status | ||||
Single | 719 (8.9) | 16.4 | 23.3 | 28.7 |
Currently in union/living with a man | 6734 (83.2) | 25.9 | 39.5 | 41.2 |
Formerly in union | 639 (7.9) | 19.1 | 30.8 | 34.3 |
P | 0.030* | < 0.001* | 0.033* | |
Mother currently working | ||||
Disagree | 2009 (24.8) | 25.5 | 31.6 | 36.5 |
Agree | 6083 (75.2) | 24.1 | 39.1 | 40.8 |
P | 0.510 | 0.010* | 0.185 | |
Sex of household head | ||||
Male | 6257 (77.3) | 26.6 | 38.2 | 40.5 |
Female | 1835 (22.7) | 18.8 | 34.0 | 37.8 |
P | 0.003* | 0.167 | 0.428 | |
Household wealth index | ||||
Poorest | 2100 (26.0) | 24.5 | 34.9 | 38.7 |
Poorer | 1666 (20.6) | 27.0 | 38.4 | 44.6 |
Middle | 1568 (19.4) | 26.9 | 38.7 | 40.1 |
Richer | 1443 (18.8) | 27.8 | 39.9 | 40.2 |
Richest | 1315 (16.3) | 18.8 | 34.4 | 30.6 |
P | 0.039* | 0.550 | 0.093 | |
Geographical region | ||||
Kigali | 948 (11.7) | 13.7 | 27.5 | 0.0 |
South | 1853 (22.9) | 28.1 | 44.0 | 44.7 |
West | 2069 (25.6) | 42.9 | 46.8 | 49.3 |
North | 1282 (15.8) | 27.1 | 44.4 | 37.1 |
East | 1940 (24.0) | 14.7 | 17.2 | 27.5 |
P | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | |
Place of residence | ||||
Urban | 1702 (21.0) | 19.4 | 27.1 | - |
Rural | 6390 (79.0) | 31.3 | 37.7 | 40.0 |
P | < 0.001* | 0.099 | - | |
Total estimate | 8092 (100.0) | 24.7 | 37.3 | 40.0 |