Table 1 Characteristics of studies
Reference | Year | Study design | Location | N of participants | Age (rang or mean ± sd) | Exposure | Exposure assessment | Mean serum AFB1(mean ± sd, or as mentioned) | Outcomes | Statistical models | Adjustment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alamua et al. | 2019 | Cross-sectional | Zambia | 311 | 6–24 months | AFB1-lysine (serum) | HPLC | 0.21 ± 0.75 ng/mL | Stunting, underweight | Logistic regression | Sex, sickness, age, serum albumin |
Andrews-Trevino et al. | 2021 | Prospective cohort | Nepal | 1484 | 3 to 22 months | AFB1-lysine (serum) | HPLC | 1.27 pg/mg albumin (95%CI: 1.18–1.36) | Stunting, height, WHZ, WAZ, HAZ | Logistic regression Linear regression | Age, season of measurement, and detectable AFB1 concentrations (yes/no) |
Ashraf et al. | 2022 | Cross-sectional | Pakistan | 238 | 1–11 years | AFB1-lysine (serum) | HPLC | 11.27 pg/mg albumin (95%CI: 15.88–24.17) | Stunting, underweight, wasting | Logistic regression | Adjusted for potential covariates(not reported) |
Mahfuz et al. | 2020 | Prospective cohort | Bangladesh | 228 | 7–36 months | AFB1-lysine (serum) | HPLC | 3.70 pg/mg albumin (range: 0.09 -126.54) | HAZ, Stunting | Logistic regression Linear regression | Sex, concentrations of myeloperoxidase in stool, low birth weight, maternal height, number of people sleep in one room, improved toilet, treatment of drinking water, asset categories |
Andrews‐Trevino et al. | 2021 | Prospective cohort | Nepal | 699 | 18–22 months | AFB1-lysine (serum) | HPLC | 2.41 ± 7.88 pg/mg albumin | Stunting, underweight, height, WAZ, HAZ | Logistic regression Linear regression | Length, weight or anthropometric z‐scores at birth or head circumference at 3 months, child's minimum dietary diversity (yes/no) and mother's schooling |
Shirima et al. | 2015 | Prospective cohort | Tanzania | 166 | 6–14 months | AFB1-lysine (serum) | ELISA | 4.7 pg/mg albumin (95%CI: 3.9—5.6) | Height, HAZ | Multivariable regression | Village, breastfeeding, maternal education, and family socioeconomic status and protein and energy intakes, sex, baseline age in month, and baseline length |
Tessema et al. | 2021 | Prospective cohort | Ethiopia | 102 | 6–35 months | AFB1-lysine (serum) | HPLC | NR | WHZ, HAZ | Linear regression | child’s sex, age, time of assessment (pre- or post-harvest), intervention arm, inflammation, household wealth tertile and incidence of diarrhea |
Watson et al. | 2018 | Prospective cohort | Gambia | 374 | 6–18 months | AFB1-lysine (serum) | ELISA | 52.29 ± 5.61 pg/mg albumin | WHZ, WAZ, HAZ | Linear regression | Season of sampling, mother’s household quality, supplementation group, and age of introduction of non-breast milk foods |
Turner et al. | 2007 | Prospective cohort | Gambia | 138 | Under 1 year | AFB1-lysine (serum) | ELISA | 8.7 pg/mg albumin ( range: 5.0—30.2) | WAZ, HAZ | The generalized estimating equations multiple regression | Gender, age, placental weight, maternal weight, gestation duration and season |
Gong et al. | 2003 | Cross-sectional | Benin and Togo | 479 | 9 months to 5 years | AFB1-lysine (serum) | ELISA | 32.8 pg/mg albumin (95% CI: 25.3—42.5) | WAZ, HAZ | Multivariable regression | Age, sex, socioeconomic status, agro ecological zone, and weaning status |
McMillana et al. | 2018 | Case–control | Nigeria | 58 | 6 – 48 months | AFB1-lysine (serum) | HPLC | 2.6 pg/mg albumin (range: 0.2—59.2) | Stunting, WHZ, HAZ | Logistic regression Spearman's correlations | Age |
Wangia-Dixon et al. | 2020 | Cross-sectional | Kenya | 748 | 6–12 years | AFB1-lysine (serum) | HPLC | 10.5 pg/mg albumin (95%CI: 9.4 -11.7) | WHZ, WAZ, HAZ | Linear regression | County, age of child, go to bed and feel hungry, age of mother when she had first child, marital status, living condition, and mother’s education |
Shouman et al. | 2011 | Cross-sectional | Egypt | 46 | 1 month to 4.5 years | AFB1 (serum) | TLC | 51.61 ppm ( interquartile range: 30.565 -62.795) | WAZ, HAZ | Spearman’s correlation | Not adjusted |
Castelino et al. | 2015 | Cross-sectional | Kenya | 199 | 12.0 ± 3.0 years | AFB1-lysine (serum) | ELISA | 110.5 pg/mg albumin (95%CI: 95.4 -127.9) | Height | Multivariable regression | Age, sex, school, liver disease state and infection status |
Matchado et al. | 2023 | Prospective cohort | Malawi | 241 | Under 30 months | AFB1-lysine (serum) | IDMS | NR | WHZ, WAZ, HAZ | Linear regression | Maternal prepregnancy body mass index, HIV, weight and mid-upper-arm-circumference-for-age z-score gain rate from baseline to 36 weeks, housing quality, food security, child sex, age, malaria, hemoglobin |