Table 1 Demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of included newborns and mothers
Variable | Total (n = 54) | Vitamin D sufficient newborns (n = 51) | Vitamin D deficient newborns (n = 3) | P-value (Intergroup differences) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD / Median [ IQR] / Frequency (%) | Mean ± SD / Median [ IQR] / Frequency (%) | Mean ± SD / Median [ IQR] / Frequency (%) | |||||
Newborns | Gender | Boy | 33 (61.1%) | 30 | 3 | 0.155 | |
Girl | 21 (38.9%) | 21 | 0 | ||||
Gestational age (weeks) | 33 ± 3.4 | 32.1 ± 2.03 | 30 ± 2.65 | 0.16 | |||
33 [31–34] | 33 [31–33] | 29 [28 – ?] | |||||
Birth weight (grams) | 1836 ± 488.98 | 1848.7 ± 492.5 | 1633.3 ± 450.9 | 0.493 | |||
Delivery Route | Cesarean section | 40 (74.1%) | 38 (74.5%) | 2 (66.6%) | 0.763 | ||
Vaginal (NVD) | 14 (25.9%) | 13 (25.5%) | 1 (33.3%) | ||||
Neonatal Serum Vitamin D level (ng/mL) | 45.3 ± 19.7 | 47.23 ± 18.74 | 14.0 ± 5.29 | < 0.001*** | |||
Vitamin D group | Sufficient (≥ 20 ng/mL) | 51 (94.44%) | - | - | - | ||
Deficient (< 20 ng/mL) | 3 (5.56%) | - | - | ||||
Mothers | Maternal age (years) | 31.2 ± 2.9 | 29.61 ± 6.51 | 30 ± 7.0 | 0.739 | ||
31 [25.5 – 34] | 31 [24.5 – 33.5] | 33 [22 – ?] | |||||
Pregnancy-related adversities | Gestational diabetes | Negative | 51 (94.44%) | 48 (94.12%) | 3 (100%) | 0.666 | |
Positive | 3 (5.56%) | 3 (5.88%) | 0 (0%) | ||||
Pregnancy-induced hypertension | Negative | 49 (90.74%) | 47 (92.16%) | 2 (66.67%) | 0.139 | ||
Positive | 5 (9.26%) | 4 (7.84%) | 1 (33.33%) | ||||
Taking vitamin D during pregnancy | Negative | 26 (48.15%) | 24 (47.06%) | 2 (66.67%) | 0.509 | ||
Positive | 25 (46.3%) | 27 (52.94%) | 1 (33.33%) | ||||
Receiving antenatal corticosteroids | Negative | 24 (44.44%) | 23 (45.1%) | 1 (33.33%) | 0.69 | ||
Positive | 30 (55.56%) | 28 (54.9%) | 2 (66.67%) | ||||
Maternal Serum Vitamin D level (ng/mL) | 28.62 ± 14.08 | 32.29 ± 14.73 | 9 ± 1 | ** < 0.01 | |||
Vitamin D group | Sufficient (≥ 20 ng/mL) | 43 (79.6%) | 43 (84.3%) | 0 (0%) | *** < 0.001 | ||
Deficient (< 20 ng/mL) | 11 (20.4%) | 8 (15.7%) | 3 (100%) | ||||