Table 1 Characteristics of the children and their mothers, for the total population and split by TG2A positivity (imputed data)
|  | Total population (n = 3994) | TG2A positivity at 6 years of age | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
TG2A negative (TG2A < 7 U/ml) (n = 3940) | TG2A positive (TG2A ≥ 7 U/ml) (n = 54) | p - value a | ||
Child characteristics b | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Birth weight (grams; mean, SD) | 3434 (551.6) | 3433.2 (551.0) | 3493.7 (604.6) | 0.42 |
Female gender (n,%) | 1934 (48.4) | 1899 (48.2) | 35 (64.8) | 0.01 |
Ethnicity (n,%) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Non-Western | 1364 (34.2) | 1352 (34.3) | 12 (22.2) | 0.08 |
Western | 2630 (65.8) | 2588 (65.7) | 42 (77.8) | Â |
Breastfeeding (n,%) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Exclusively breastfed in the first 4 months | 1302 (32.6) | 1282 (32.1) | 20 (37.0) | 0.21 |
Partially breastfed in the first 4 months | 2354 (58.9) | 2320 (58.1) | 33 (61.1) | Â |
Never breastfed | 338 (8.5) | 337 (8.4) | 1 (1.9) | Â |
Gluten introduction > 6 months (n,%) | 2143 (53.7) | 2117 (53.1) | 26 (48.1) | 0.43 |
Gastroenteritis in the past year (n, %) | 1712 (42.9) | 1686 (48.3) | 26 (48.1) | 0.48 |
BMI child at 6 years of age (kg/m2; median, IQR) | 16.2 (15.1–16.9) | 16.2 (15.1–16.9) | 15.6 (14.7–16.3) | 0.01 |
Playing outside at 6 years of age (hours/ day; median, IQR) | 1.6 (0.8–2.1) | 1.6 (0.8–2.1) | 1.4 (0.7-2.0) | 0.78 |
Maternal characteristics b | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Maternal educational level (n,%) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Low (≤ secondary education) | 2127 (53.3) | 2104 (52.7) | 23 (42.6) | 0.21 |
High (≥ higher education) | 1867 (46.7) | 1836 (47.3) | 31 (57.4) |  |
Maternal smoking during pregnancy (n,%) | 641 (16.0) | 633 (15.9) | 8 (14.8) | 0.70 |
Maternal 25(OH)D serum concentrations second trimester pregnancy (nmol/L; median, IQR) | 53.1 (27.3–76.0) | 53.2 (27.9–75.6) | 53.3 (28.0-79.1) | 0.72 |