Table 3 Multivariable multilevel logistic regression analysis of factors associated with concurrent overweight/obesity and stunting (CSO) among children 0–59 months in Ethiopia, EDHS (2005–2016)

Individual-Level Factors

 Child factors

  Sex

   Male

Ref

Ref

   Female

0.94 (0.64–1.37)

0.95 (0.64–1.38)

  Age (months)

    < 12

Ref

Ref

   12–23

0.98 (0.57–1.67)

0.95 (0.55–1.63)

   24–59

1.34 (0.76–2.35)

1.19 (0.67–2.11)

  Currently breastfeeding

   Yes

1.63 (1.01–2.66)*

1.64 (1.01–2.72)*

   No

Ref

Ref

  Size of child at birth

   Larger

Ref

Ref

   Average

0.83 (0.54–1.29)

0.86 (0.55–1.33)

   Small

0.63 (0.38–1.05)

0.68 (0.41–1.14)

  Full vaccination

   Yes

Ref

Ref

   No

0.88 (0.55–1.39)

0.81 (0.51–1.29)

  Diarrhea

   Yes

0.93 (0.57–1.51)

0.84 (0.51–1.37)

   No

Ref

Ref

  Children received deworming medication

   Yes

Ref

Ref

   No

2.47 (1.07–5.72)*

1.79 (0.76–4.25)

 Parental factors

  Mother's occupation

   Not working

1.17 (0.68–1.99)

1.09 (0.63–1.88)

   Agriculture

1.57 (0.85–2.88)

1.57 (0.84–2.94)

   Non-agriculture

Ref

Ref

  ANC Visit

   None

1.65 (0.93–2.94)

1.32 (0.72–2.44)

   1–3

1.27 (0.68–2.38)

1.29 (0.68–2.46)

   4 + 

Ref

Ref

  Maternal BMI (kg/m²)

    < 18.5

Ref

Ref

   18.5 to 24.9

1.14 (0.73–1.79)

1.09 (0.69–1.73)

   25 + 

2.55 (1.17–5.56)*

2.65 (1.19–5.88)*

  Listening to radio

   Yes

Ref

Ref

   Not at all

1.33 (0.84–2.09)

1.56 (0.97–2.49)

  Watching television

   Yes

Ref

Ref

   Not at all

1.06 (0.58–1.94)

0.86 (0.45–1.64)

 Household factors

  Household size

   1–4

1.46 (0.98–2.17)

1.52 (1.02–2.26)*

    ≥ 5

Ref

Ref

  Toilet facility

   Improved

Ref

Ref

   Unimproved

0.78 (0.42–1.45)

0.70 (0.37–1.33)

  Source of drinking water

   Improved

Ref

Ref

   Unimproved

0.50 (0.33–0.74)*

0.83 (0.53–1.30)

  Household flooring

   Improved

Ref

Ref

   Unimproved

1.78 (0.75–4.17)

1.74 (0.68–4.45)

  Time to get a water source

   On-premise

Ref

Ref

    ≤ 30 min

1.49 (0.62–3.57)

1.34 (0.53–3.34)

   31–60 min

1.52 (0.59–3.93)

1.49 (0.55–4.00)

    > 60 min

1.95 (0.75–5.05)

1.93 (0.72–5.19)

 Community-Level Factors

  Residence

   Urban

Ref

Ref

   Rural

0.98 (0.67–1.45)

0.94 (0.42–2.09)

  Region

   Large central

1.45 (0.92–2.31)

0.99 (0.49–2.00)

   Small peripherals

1.82 (1.09–3.03)*

1.64 (0.75–3.58)

   Metropolis

Ref

Ref

  Ecological zone

   Tropical zone

0.99 (0.55–1.77)

0.75 (0.31–1.84)

   Subtropical zone

1.50 (0.93–2.43)

1.80 (0.88–3.69)

   Cool zone

Ref

Ref

  Survey year

   EDHS-2005

2.68 (1.96–3.66)**

4.38 (2.42–7.95)**

   EDHS-2011

0.92 (0.67–1.26)

1.42 (0.80–2.52)

   EDHS-2016

Ref

Ref

  Random effect

   Variance (SE)

0.1179 (0.0400)

0.2239 (0.0932)

0.1613 (0.0306)

0.2859 (0.0783)

   ICC (%)

3.46

6.37

4.67

7.99

  Model comparison

   LL

-1374.017

-600.17

-1341.17

-578.30

   Deviance

2,748.03

1,200.34

2,682.34

1,156.60

   AIC

2752.034

1252.344

2700.35

1222.601

   BIC

2768.048

1442.109

2772.41

1463.456