Table 3a Association between child diarrhoea and risk factors (Adjusted odds ratios and confidence intervals)
From: Housing and health outcomes: evidence on child morbidities from six Sub-Saharan African countries
Terms | Ghana (2014) | Burkina Faso (2010) | Cameroon (2011) | Kenya (2014) | Nigeria (2018) | South Africa (2016) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Intercept) | 0.13(0.03, 0.47) | 0.19(0.07,0.53) | 0.39(0.17,0.92) | 0.31(0.18,0.55) | 0.19(0.11,0.33) | 0.22(0.02, 2.76) |
Healthy housing status(ref: Unhealthier) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Healthier | 1.21(0.66, 2.20) | 1.24(0.92,1.66) | 0.50(0.35,0.70) | 0.79(0.63,0.98) | 0.61(0.50,0.74) | 0.37(0.09, 1.54) |
Healthiest | 0.95(0.50, 1.81) | 1.34(0.82,2.18) | 0.48(0.32,0.71) | 0.68(0.52,0.87) | 0.48(0.37,0.62) | 0.59(0.21, 1.61) |
Healthy | 0.96(0.58, 1.58) | 1.21(0.90,1.64) | 0.60(0.44,0.83) | 0.76(0.62,0.91) | 0.71(0.59,0.86) | 0.41(0.18, 0.97) |
Unhealthy | 1.43(0.94, 2.17) | 1.02(0.77,1.35) | 0.60(0.44,0.81) | 0.84(0.70,1.02) | 0.78(0.67,0.91) | 1.40(0.72, 2.71) |
Household head age (Ref: 0-24years) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
25–34 years | 1.27(0.65, 2.47) | 0.89(0.59,1.33) | 1.55(0.93,2.60) | 0.93(0.73,1.18) | 0.89(0.68,1.16) | 0.86(0.27, 2.81) |
35–49 years | 1.22(0.60, 2.48) | 0.71(0.47,1.08) | 1.31(0.78,2.21) | 0.85(0.67,1.08) | 0.83(0.64,1.09) | 0.54(0.13, 2.18) |
50 + years | 1.22(0.54, 2.74) | 0.85(0.54,1.33) | 1.69(0.98,2.90) | 0.81(0.63,1.05) | 0.83(0.62,1.12) | 0.67(0.16, 2.71) |
Breastfeeding status (Ref: Ever breastfed) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Never breastfed | 1.00(0.20, 5.13) | 2.10(1.09,4.05) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Still breastfeeding | 1.18(0.72, 1.94) | 1.22(0.93,1.61) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Mother’s Education level (Ref: No education) |  |  |  |  |  | |
Higher | 0.32(0.09, 1.12) | 1.04(0.19,5.59) | 0.38(0.20,0.75) | 0.68(0.48,0.96) | 0.79(0.61,1.04) | 0.79(0.19, 3.33) |
Primary | 0.89(0.58, 1.37) | 1.23(0.96,1.58) | 0.67(0.54,0.83) | 1.33(1.09,1.63) | 1.11(0.94,1.30) | 0.54(0.13, 2.34) |
Secondary | 0.77(0.53, 1.11) | 0.95(0.63,1.44) | 0.48(0.35,0.66) | 1.28(1.01,1.62) | 1.03(0.87,1.20) | 0.50(0.15, 1.66) |
Residence (Ref: Rural) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Urban | 1.03(0.69, 1.54) | 0.89(0.62,1.26) | 1.18(0.90,1.56) | 1.15(0.97,1.36) | 0.91(0.77,1.08) | 0.99(0.53, 1.86) |
Head of HH (Ref: Female) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Male | 0.98(0.65, 1.48) | 1.15(0.84,1.57) | 1.15(0.88,1.51) | 0.99(0.87,1.13) | 1.06(0.88,1.28) | 1.43(0.85, 2.40) |
Mother’s BMI (Ref: Underweight) |  |  |  |  |  | |
Normal | 1.28(0.65, 2.49) | 0.83(0.67,1.03) | 0.57(0.41,0.80) | 0.78(0.59,1.04) | Â | 1.25(0.26, 6.05) |
Obese | 3.46(0.56,21.40) | 0.57(0.24,1.32) | 0.40(0.19,0.83) | 0.60(0.29,1.24) | Â | 1.64(0.26,10.35) |
Overweight | 1.04(0.29, 3.71) | 0.70(0.34,1.42) | 0.43(0.27,0.69) | 0.71(0.48,1.06) | Â | 1.83(0.35, 9.48) |
Child age (Ref: below 1 year) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
1 year | 2.40(1.60, 3.61) | 1.76(1.42,2.18) | 2.46(1.89,3.21) | 1.26(1.08,1.46) | 1.52(1.36,1.70) | 1.36(0.69, 2.66) |
2 years | 2.59(1.43, 4.70) | 1.55(1.14,2.12) | 1.31(0.94,1.81) | 0.76(0.65,0.88) | 0.97(0.85,1.09) | 0.47(0.23, 0.95) |
3 years | 0.78(0.36, 1.72) | 0.84(0.57,1.23) | 0.85(0.64,1.13) | 0.41(0.34,0.49) | 0.55(0.48,0.63) | 0.55(0.22, 1.38) |
4 years | 1.02(0.49, 2.12) | 0.44(0.29,0.67) | 0.52(0.36,0.74) | 0.29(0.24,0.36) | 0.42(0.36,0.48) | 0.47(0.22, 1.00) |
Child sex (Ref: Male) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Female | 0.67(0.51, 0.89) | 0.95(0.82,1.11) | 0.93(0.80,1.09) | 0.88(0.79,0.98) | 1.02(0.94,1.10) | 0.74(0.45, 1.22) |
Multiple births(Ref: Yes) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
No | 0.71(0.35, 1.44) | 1.27(0.71,2.25) | 0.94(0.61,1.45) | 1.03(0.70,1.53) | 1.00(0.75,1.33) | 1.74(0.46, 6.56) |
Mother’s marital status (Ref: never married) |  |  |  |  |  | |
Married | 0.55(0.29, 1.04) | 0.70(0.37,1.33) | 1.53(0.98,2.37) | 1.16(0.91,1.49) | 0.81(0.54,1.24) | 0.84(0.40, 1.74) |
Others | 0.67(0.36, 1.25) | 1.21(0.59,2.47) | 1.75(1.12,2.73) | 1.61(1.24,2.09) | 0.87(0.57,1.33) | 1.61(0.86, 3.00) |
Mother’s age (Ref: 15–24 years) |  |  |  |  |  | |
25–34 years | 1.06(0.76, 1.50) | 0.94(0.76,1.16) | 0.84(0.64,1.09) | 0.90(0.77,1.05) | 0.97(0.87,1.09) | 1.25(0.67, 2.34) |
35–49 years | 1.54(0.72, 3.28) | 0.92(0.54,1.55) | 0.71(0.38,1.30) | 0.98(0.67,1.44) | 1.05(0.80,1.37) | 0.77(0.08, 7.33) |
Mother’s religion (Ref: Christian) |  |  |  |  |  | |
Muslim | 1.90(1.36, 2.66) | 1.09(0.91,1.30) | 1.16(0.93,1.44) | 0.93(0.74,1.18) | 2.16(1.89,2.48) | Â |
No religion | 0.84(0.38, 1.88) | 0.19(0.03,1.09) | 0.85(0.51,1.41) | 1.54(1.17,2.02) | Â | Â |
Traditional/other | 0.92(0.33, 2.55) | 1.06(0.75,1.51) | 0.91(0.61,1.37) | 0.89(0.38,2.08) | 0.46(0.19,1.11) | Â |