The effect of different combinations of physical activity and natural environment videos on children's attention levels between class breaks

Table 4 Difference test results of attention pre- and post-tests after adjusting for covariates within each group

		PA + VID	VID + PA	PA	VID	Comparison between groups
Auditory attention	Pre-test	9.53 ± 6.05	10.32 ± 5.42	11.26 ± 5.91	11.55 ± 5.02	F = 1.109 ɳp² = 0.022 p = 0.348
Auditory attention	Post test	12.39 ± 5.40	12.92 ± 5.45	11.87 ± 4.82	13.95 ± 3.82
	Within-group comparison	F = 0.022 ɳp² = 0.001 p = 0.882	F = 0.214 ɳp² = 0.006 p = 0.646	F = 3.485 ɳp² = 0.093 p = 0.071	F = 1.304 ɳp² = 0.037 p = 0.261
Visual attention	Pre-test	18.37 ± 8.49	19.79 ± 5.68	19.53 ± 6.80	19.95 ± 7.19	F = 2.402 ɳp² = 0.049 p = 0.070
Visual attention	Post test	20.47 ± 6.36	16.61 ± 7.62	18.18 ± 7.56	18.42 ± 6.85
	Within-group comparison	F = 0.264 ɳp² = 0.009 p = 0.611	F = 0.088 ɳp² = 0.003 p = 0.769	F = 0.365 ɳp² = 0.012 p = 0.551	F = 0.110 ɳp² = 0.004 p = 0.742

On the bases of the tests of the ANOVA repeated measures, the preceding models were adjusted for age, duration of each activity, and duration of each viewing. Increased visual attention adjusted for father’s education, mother’s education, weekly physical activity, daily attention levels, and weekly viewing of videos or pictures of the natural environment
PA + VID:Activity + Video Group;VID + PA:Video + Activity Group;PA:Physical activity group;VID:Watch the video group

ISSN: 1471-2431