Table 2 Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression analysis linking sociodemographic and clinical characteristics with behavioral problems in children with TD

Personal factors

 Female

0.64(0.35,1.18)

0.71 (0.38,1.34)

0.71(0.37,1.38)

0.77(0.39,1.52)

0.99(0.48,2.01)

 Age (years)

  6–11

1.69(0.90,3.16)

1.72(0.90,3.28)

1.63(0.84,3.15)

1.60(0.80,3.21)

1.54(0.74,3.21)

  12–16

4.67(1.57,13.89)

5.02(1.62,15.57)

4.27(1.32,13.85)

4.64(1.30,16.50)

4.98(1.27,19.53)

 GA (weeks)

  37–42

0.60(0.19,1.85)

0.42(0.12,1.45)

0.41(0.11,1.44)

0.49(0.13,1.93)

0.42(0.10,1.82)

   > 42

1.12(0.20,6.23)

1.50(0.26,8.54)

1.29(0.22,7.67)

1.78(0.30,10.70)

1.86(0.26,13.11)

 BW (g)

  2500–4000

1.32(0.26,6.67)

1.06(0.19,6.02)

1.24(0.21,7.26)

1.08(0.17,6.75)

1.34(0.20,9.12)

   > 4000

1.15(0.17,7.74)

0.88(0.12,6.68)

0.87(0.11,6.91)

0.66(0.07,6.01)

0.78(0.08,7.85)

 Cesarean

0.93(0.57,1.50)

0.99(0.59,1.64)

0.96(0.57,1.62)

1.04(0.59,1.81)

1.08(0.60,1.94)

 Abnormal birth history

1.99(1.22,3.24)

2.05(1.21,3.45)

2.15(1.26,3.67)

1.95(1.10,3.47)

1.90(1.03,3.50)

 With underlying diseases

1.41(0.87,2.27)

1.29(0.78,2.13)

1.27(0.75,2.13)

1.15(0.66,1.99)

1.08(0.61,1.91)

Parental factors

 Maternal age at pregnancy (years)

  30–35

0.64(0.36,1.14)

0.62(0.34,1.14)

0.59(0.30,1.18)

0.51(0.25,1.07)

   > 35

1.41(0.49,4.10)

1.48(0.47,4.68)

1.46(0.42,5.14)

1.60(0.41,6.17)

 Method of feeding (within 6 months after birth)

  Formula feeding

1.65(0.95,2.87)

1.58(0.86,2.9)

1.75(0.91,3.38)

1.49(0.74,2.99)

  Mixed feeding

0.90(0.51,1.60)

0.93(0.50,1.72)

1.04(0.54,1.99)

0.84(0.42,1.68)

 Paternal education level

  Secondary

0.62(0.31,1.24)

0.56(0.24,1.32)

0.60(0.24,1.47)

0.64(0.24,1.70)

  University

0.50(0.29,0.88)

0.43(0.18,1.06)

0.58(0.22,1.49)

0.59(0.21,1.63)

 Maternal education level

  Secondary

0.75(0.36,1.53)

1.04(0.43,2.49)

1.04(0.41,2.61)

1.06(0.38,2.95)

  University

0.65(0.38,1.12)

1.38(0.57,3.34)

1.09(0.43,2.77)

1.24(0.46,3.35)

Family-environmental factors

 Family structure

  Stem

1.26(0.78,2.04)

0.97(0.50,1.92)

0.75(0.36,1.56)

  Others(non-traditional)

2.17(0.80,5.91)

0.96(0.29,3.14)

0.74(0.21,2.64)

 Parenting pattern

  Slant scold

3.50(1.72,7.14)

2.02(0.84,4.87)

2.04(0.81,5.11)

  Slant interference

1.76(0.91,3.38)

1.20(0.58,2.48)

1.21(0.56,2.60)

  Indulgence

3.25(1.69,6.22)

2.1(1.01,4.33)

2.17(1.00,4.69)

 Parental involvement in care

  Partially

1.74(1.03,2.92)

2.11(1.04,4.29)

2.11(1.00,4.48)

  None

1.22(0.65,2.28)

1.18(0.50,2.76)

1.08(0.44,2.64)

 Inharmony family relationship

2.51(1.39,4.55)

1.29(0.60,2.74)

1.19(0.53,2.67)

 Family history

  Parent/close relatives with TD

2.24(0.79,6.36)

1.24(0.37,4.17)

1.14(0.31,4.18)

  Parent/close relatives with psychiatric disorders

6.83(1.77,26.33)

7.09(1.59,31.56)

6.34(1.33,30.30)

Clinical characteristics

 CTD/TS

3.70(2.19,6.26)

3.45(1.82,6.53)

 Complex tics

2.10(1.31,3.34)

1.21(0.67,2.19)

 Moderate/Severe tic severity

3.07(1.89,5.00)

2.13(1.18,3.84)