Table 1 Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of study subjects with and without behavioral problems
|  | Total (N = 343) | TD with behavioral problems (N = 104) | TD without behavioral problems (N = 239) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Personal factors, n (%) | ||||
 Gender |  |  |  | 0.195 |
  Male | 274(79.88) | 88(84.62) | 186(77.82) |  |
  Female | 69(20.12) | 16(15.38) | 53(22.18) |  |
 Age (years) |  |  |  | 0.015 |
  4–5 | 71(20.70) | 15(14.42) | 56(23.43) |  |
  6–11 | 254(74.05) | 79(75.96) | 175(73.22) |  |
  12–16 | 18(5.25) | 10(9.62) | 8(3.35) |  |
 GA (weeks) |  |  |  | 0.659 |
   < 37 | 19(5.54) | 4(3.85) | 15(6.28) |  |
  37–42 | 318(92.71) | 98(94.23) | 220(92.05) |  |
   > 42 | 6(1.75) | 2(1.92) | 4(1.67) |  |
 BW (g) |  |  |  | 0.917 |
   < 2500 | 8(2.33) | 2(1.92) | 6(2.51) |  |
  2500–4000 | 317(92.42) | 97(93.27) | 220(92.05) |  |
   > 4000 | 18(5.25) | 5(4.81) | 13(5.44) |  |
 Mode of delivery |  |  |  | 0.858 |
  Vaginal | 118(34.40) | 37(35.58) | 81(33.89) |  |
  Cesarean | 225(65.60) | 67(64.42) | 158(66.11) |  |
 Abnormal birth history |  |  |  | 0.009 |
  No | 243(70.85) | 63(60.58) | 180(75.31) |  |
  Yes | 100(29.15) | 41(39.42) | 59(24.69) |  |
 With underlying diseases |  |  |  | 0.201 |
  No | 138(40.23) | 36(34.62) | 102(42.68) |  |
  Yes | 205(59.77) | 68(65.38) | 137(57.32) |  |
Parental factors, n (%) | ||||
 Maternal age at pregnancy (years) |  |  |  | 0.221 |
   < 30 | 246(71.72) | 79(75.96) | 167(69.87) |  |
  30–35 | 82(23.91) | 19(18.27) | 63(26.36) |  |
   > 35 | 15(4.37) | 6(5.77) | 9(3.77) |  |
 Method of feeding (within 6 months after birth) |  |  |  | 0.114 |
  Exclusive breastfeeding | 167 (48.69) | 47(45.19) | 120(50.21) |  |
  Formula feeding | 84(24.49) | 33(31.73) | 51(21.34) |  |
  Mixed feeding | 92(26.82) | 24(23.08) | 68(28.45) |  |
 Paternal education level |  |  |  | 0.051 |
  Primary | 75(21.87) | 31(29.81) | 44(18.41) |  |
  Secondary | 69(20.12) | 21(20.19) | 48(20.08) |  |
  University | 199(58.02) | 52(50.00) | 147(61.51) |  |
 Maternal education level |  |  |  | 0.295 |
  Primary | 84(24.49) | 31(29.81) | 53(22.18) |  |
  Secondary | 56(16.33) | 17(16.35) | 39(16.32) |  |
  University | 203(59.18) | 56(53.85) | 147(61.51) |  |
Family-environmental factors, n (%) | ||||
 Family structure |  |  |  | 0.265 |
  Nuclear | 145(42.27) | 39(37.50) | 106(44.35) |  |
  Stem | 180(52.48) | 57(54.81) | 123(51.46) |  |
  Others(non-traditional) | 18(5.25) | 8(7.69) | 10(4.18) |  |
 Parenting pattern |  |  |  | 0.000 |
  Democratic | 116(33.82) | 21(20.19) | 95(39.75) |  |
  Slant scold | 55(16.03) | 24(23.08) | 31(12.97) |  |
  Slant interference | 93(27.11) | 26(25.00) | 67(28.03) |  |
  Indulgence | 79(23.03) | 33(31.73) | 46(19.25) |  |
 Parental involvement in care |  |  |  | 0.114 |
  Fully | 170(49.56) | 44(42.31) | 126(52.72) |  |
  Partially | 106(30.90) | 40(38.46) | 66(27.62) |  |
  None | 67(19.53) | 20(19.23) | 47(19.67) |  |
 Family relationship |  |  |  | 0.003 |
  Harmony | 289(84.26) | 78(75.00) | 211(88.28) |  |
  Inharmony | 54(15.74) | 26(25.00) | 28(11.72) |  |
 Family history |  |  |  | 0.002 |
  No TD/psychiatric disorders | 317(92.42) | 89(85.58) | 228(95.40) |  |
  Parent/close relatives with TD | 15(4.37) | 7(6.73) | 8(3.35) |  |
  Parent/close relatives with psychiatric disorders | 11(3.21) | 8(7.69) | 3(1.26) |  |
Clinical characteristics, n (%) | ||||
 TD type |  |  |  | 0.000 |
  PTD | 264(76.97) | 62(59.62) | 202(84.52) |  |
  CTD/TS | 79(23.03) | 42(40.38) | 37(15.48) |  |
 Tic form |  |  |  | 0.003 |
  Simple motor/vocal tics | 192(55.98) | 45(43.27) | 147(61.51) |  |
  Complex tics | 151(44.02) | 59(56.73) | 92(38.49) |  |
 Tic severity |  |  |  | 0.000 |
  Mild | 235(68.51) | 53(50.96) | 182(76.15) |  |
  Moderate/Severe | 108(31.49) | 51(49.04) | 57(23.85) |  |