Table 3 Differences in parental feeding practices and children’s eating behaviors according to children’s sex and weight status

Parental Feeding Practice

Instrumental feeding

2.43 ± 0.70

2.38 ± 0.70

0.581

2.17 ± 0.50

2.36 ± 0.73

2.51 ± 0.65

2.76 ± 0.65

0.033

Encouragement

3.27 ± 0.55

3.29 ± 0.59

0.884

3.30 ± 0.60

3.31 ± 0.56

3.18 ± 0.48

3.24 ± 0.70

0.701

Emotional feeding

2.44 ± 0.68

2.55 ± 0.77

0.234

2.34 ± 0.60

2.48 ± 0.74

2.48 ± 0.79

2.74 ± 0.73

0.516

Control over eating

0.70 ± 0.44

0.55 ± 0.53

0.042

0.66 ± 0.46

0.65 ± 0.50

0.63 ± 0.48

0.54 ± 0.50

0.844

Children’s Eating Behavior

Food responsiveness ^a

2.71 ± 0.91

2.43 ± 0.92

0.013

2.65 ± 0.87

2.57 ± 0.95

2.51 ± 0.90

2.77 ± 0.75

0.564

Emotional overeating ^a

2.39 ± 0.97

2.01 ± 0.89

0.001

2.10 ± 1.11

2.22 ± 0.94

2.07 ± 1.05

2.43 ± 0.81

0.267

Emotional undereating

2.84 ± 0.92

2.61 ± 0.83

0.083

2.93 ± 0.95

2.69 ± 0.85

2.88 ± 1.14

2.71 ± 0.79

0.650

Enjoyment of food ^a

3.40 ± 0.92

2.91 ± 0.92

 < 0.001

3.31 ± 0.90

3.13 ± 0.92

3.29 ± 1.21

3.36 ± 0.84

0.425

Desire to drink ^a

2.71 ± 1.02

2.29 ± 0.99

0.001

2.60 ± 1.05

2.48 ± 1.06

2.64 ± 0.98

2.68 ± 0.80

0.398

Satiety responsiveness

1.61 ± 0.81

1.62 ± 0.74

0.848

1.49 ± 1.02

1.61 ± 0.77

1.71 ± 0.81

1.56 ± 0.63

0.866

Slowness in eating

1.26 ± 0.89

1.47 ± 0.83

0.141

1.51 ± 1.18

1.33 ± 0.82

1.38 ± 0.95

1.30 ± 0.84

0.895

Food fussiness

-0.11 ± 0.80

-0.27 ± 0.77

0.080

-0.12 ± 0.89

-0.22 ± 0.79

-0.30 ± 0.89

0.14 ± 0.61

0.178

Food Preference

Vegetables

0.61 ± 0.75

0.50 ± 0.66

0.333

0.94 ± 0.67

0.55 ± 0.71

0.47 ± 0.67

0.37 ± 0.81

0.089

Fruits

1.20 ± 0.64

1.10 ± 0.50

0.125

1.20 ± 0.56

1.13 ± 0.58

1.17 ± 0.66

1.33 ± 0.54

0.525

Meat

0.85 ± 0.85

0.21 ± 0.71

 < 0.001

0.87 ± 0.69

0.57 ± 0.84

0.15 ± 0.77

0.71 ± 1.01

0.028

Fish

0.48 ± 1.08

0.39 ± 0.99

0.459

0.08 ± 1.17

0.46 ± 1.04

0.60 ± 1.02

0.38 ± 0.96

0.485

Processed meat products

0.75 ± 0.85

0.27 ± 0.94

 < 0.001

0.55 ± 0.74

0.49 ± 0.91

0.72 ± 0.95

0.73 ± 0.92

0.459

Fast foods

0.91 ± 0.79

0.40 ± 0.91

 < 0.001

0.73 ± 0.53

0.71 ± 0.89

0.47 ± 1.01

0.67 ± 0.87

0.796

Dairy foods

1.05 ± 0.75

0.81 ± 0.82

0.040

0.95 ± 0.74

0.88 ± 0.78

1.07 ± 0.85

1.22 ± 0.76

0.188

Eggs

0.84 ± 1.00

0.49 ± 1.22

0.041

0.44 ± 1.22

0.69 ± 1.09

0.74 ± 1.17

0.61 ± 1.24

0.802

Snacks

1.12 ± 0.64

0.85 ± 0.77

0.010

1.17 ± 0.47

0.96 ± 0.70

0.98 ± 0.92

1.25 ± 0.61

0.176

Starchy staples & Beans

0.79 ± 0.74

0.61 ± 0.63

0.028

0.97 ± 0.73

0.71 ± 0.69

0.69 ± 0.70

0.51 ± 0.68

0.171