Table 2 Comparison of participants’ characteristics and biochemical studies between vitamin D insufficiency (VDI) and vitamin D sufficiency (VDS), data are shown in mean ± SD or n (%) as appropriate
Total (N = 120) | VDI (N = 34) | VDS (N = 86) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Infants | ||||
25OHD (ng/mL) | 25.6 ± 9.8 | 13.4 ± 4.1 | 30.4 ± 6.6 | < 0.01 |
PTH (pg/mL) | 26.3 ± 13.2 | 31.2 ± 18.6 | 24.5 ± 9.9 | 0.06 |
Calcium (mg/dL) | 10.4 ± 0.3 | 10.3 ± 0.3 | 10.4 ± 0.3 | 0.48 |
Phosphate (mg/dL) | 5.6 ± 0.5 | 5.3 ± 0.4 | 5.7 ± 0.5 | < 0.01 |
Albumin (g/dL) | 4.4 ± 0.2 | 4.5 ± 0.2 | 4.4 ± 0.2 | 0.54 |
Alkaline phosphatase (IU/L) | 279 ± 71 | 270 ± 62 | 283 ± 74 | 0.35 |
Mothers | ||||
25OHD (ng/mL) | 23.1 ± 6.0 | 20.2 ± 4.6 | 24.2 ± 6.2 | < 0.01 |
Parathyroid hormone (pg/mL) | 38.8 ± 16.8 | 38.1 ± 17.8 | 39.1 ± 16.5 | 0.79 |
Calcium (mg/dL) | 9.3 ± 0.4 | 9.4 ± 0.4 | 9.3 ± 0.4 | 0.12 |
Phosphate (mg/dL) | 3.6 ± 0.5 | 3.7 ± 0.5 | 3.5 ± 0.5 | 0.07 |
Albumin (g/dL) | 4.5 ± 0.2 | 4.6 ± 0.2 | 4.5 ± 0.2 | 0.54 |
Alkaline phosphatase (IU/L) | 89 ± 29 | 96 ± 25 | 86 ± 30 | 0.06 |
Characteristic | ||||
Gender male, n (%) | 70 (58.3) | 21 (61.8) | 49 (57.0) | 0.63 |
Weight (kg) | 7.9 ± 1.1 | 7.7 ± 1.1 | 7.9 ± 1.2 | 0.29 |
Length (cm) | 68.2 ± 3.3 | 67.5 ± 3.2 | 68.5 ± 3.3 | 0.12 |
Head circumference (cm) | 43.3 ± 1.6 | 43.0 ± 1.6 | 43.4 ± 1.5 | 0.32 |
Weight z-score | 0.45 ± 1.30 | 0.32 ± 1.23 | 0.50 ± 1.28 | 0.50 |
Length z-score | 0.56 ± 0.99 | 0.36 ± 0.97 | 0.64 ± 0.99 | 0.16 |
Head circumference z-score | -0.07 ± 0.93 | -0.20 ± 1.04 | -0.02 ± 0.88 | 0.38 |
Mainly breastfed, n (%) | 61 (52) | 34 (100) | 27 (31) | < 0.01 |
Duration of sunlight exposure per day (minutes) | 15 ± 9 | 11 ± 7 | 16 ± 10 | < 0.01 |
Duration of sunlight exposure per week (minutes) | 85 ± 65 | 54 ± 22 | 100 ± 25 | < 0.01 |
Time of exposure, n (%) | 0.30 | |||
Before 10.00 h | 84 (70) | 21 (62) | 63 (73) | |
During 10.00–15.00 h | 4 (3) | 2 (6) | 2 (2) | |
After 15.00 h | 32 (27) | 11 (32) | 21 (25) | |
Dress type, short-sleeved shirts and short pants, n (%) | 100 (83) | 29 (85) | 71 (83) | 0.79 |
Caregivers, parents, n (%) | 95 (79) | 29 (85) | 66 (77) | 0.45 |
Family income (Baht/month) | 40,000 ± 24,000 | 48,000 ± 31,000 | 37,000 ± 21,000 | 0.08 |
Maternal education, bachelor, n (%) | 93 (78) | 30 (88) | 63 (73) | 0.18 |
Maternal VDI, n (%) | 41 (34) | 18 (53) | 23 (27) | < 0.01 |