Table 1 Sociodemographic data, anthropometric measurements, APGAR score, and other studied biomarkers levels in the G1 and G2

Gestational age at birth

Preterm

12 (20%)

70 (70%)

 < 0.001*

Full-term

48 (80%)

30 (30%)

Maternal exposure to smoking

Passive smokers

25 (41.67%)

75 (75%)

 < 0.001*

Non-smokers

35 (58.33%)

25 (25%)

Maternal exposure to insecticides, pesticides..etc

Yes

22 (36.66%)

68 (68%)

 < 0.001*

No

38 (63.33%)

32 (32%)

Residence area

Urban

19 (31.67%)

44 (44%)

0.262*

Semiurban

19 (31.67%)

29 (29%)

Rural

22 (36.67%)

27 (27%)

Neonatal gender

Male

19 (31.67%)

33 (33%)

0.862*

Female

41 (68.33%)

67 (67%)

Birth weight (gm)

2650 ± 749

1788 ± 814

 < 0.001

APGAR score

at 1 min

6.42 ± 1.19

4.44 ± 1.39

 < 0.001

at 5 min

8.35 ± 0.92

6.99 ± 1.14

 < 0.001

at 10 min

9.28 ± 0.59

8.78 ± 0.85

 < 0.001

Hemoglobin (g/dl)

12.21 ± 2.31

13.61 ± 2.17

 < 0.001

Hematocrit value

35.94 ± 10.02

43.49 ± 9.07

 < 0.001

Pb (μg/dl)

26.3 ± 12.17

31.12 ± 12.58

0.019

E-Cd (μg/dl)

2.49 ± 1.79

3.12 ± 1.98

0.04

N-As (μg/g dry hair)

5.78 ± 4.31

7.82 ± 4.17

0.003

U-Cd (μg/g creatinine)

18.52 ± 8.32

25.57 ± 19.79

0.010

U-As (μg/l)

202.97 ± 84.20

246.16 ± 112.99

0.011

SP-D (ng/ml)

7.48 ± 3.54

9.87 ± 3.43

 < 0.001

CTnI (ng/ml)

0.043 ± 0.048

0.109 ± 0.172

0.004

hs-CRP (mg/l)

0.434 ± 1.544

2.918 ± 1.884

 < 0.001