Table 4 Performances of the model in the training set, testing set, and external validation set

AUC (95%CI)

0.689 (0.687–0.690)

0.688 (0.686–0.689)

0.694 (0.693–0.695)

Accuracy (95%CI)

0.763 (0.762–0.764)

0.762 (0.762–0.763)

0.771 (0.770–0.771)

Specificity (95%CI)

0.796 (0.795–0.797)

0.796 (0.795–0.796)

0.803 (0.802–0.803)

Sensitivity (95%CI)

0.489 (0.487–0.492)

0.487 (0.484–0.489)

0.490 (0.488–0.492)

PPV (95%CI)

0.225 (0.224–0.226)

0.224 (0.222–0.225)

0.223 (0.222–0.224)

NPV (95%CI)

0.928 (0.927–0.928)

0.928 (0.927–0.928)

0.932 (0.931–0.932)