Table 1 Overview of published fungemia cases due to Exophiala dermatitidis excluding outbreaks
From: A fatal neonatal case of fungemia due to Exophiala dermatitidis—case report and literature review
Country, Year (reference) | Gender/ Age (years) | Predisposing factors | In vitro susceptibility (MICs (mg/L), testing method) | Treatment | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Germany, 1994 [12] | M/3.5 | ALL Chemotherapy (totally implanted CVAD) | ND | CVC removal AMB and 5-FC (3 weeks) | Survival |
2. Netherlands, 1994 [13] | M/5 | ALL Chemotherapy (totally implanted CVAD) | ND | CVC removal ITC (8 weeks) | Survival |
3. United States of America, 1995 [14] | M/3 | HIV infection CVC for continuous zidovudine infusion | ND | CVC removal AMB (> 1 month) followed by ITC (5 months) | Survival |
4. United Kingdom, 1995 [15] | F/53 | Colectomy Long-term parenteral nutrition Prolonged antibiotic administration | ND | CVC removal FLC (4 days) | Survival |
5. United States of America, 2002 [16] | F/61 | Metastatic breast cancer Chemotherapy (totally implanted CVAD) | ND | CVC removal AMB (total dose 1260 mg) followed by ITC (8 weeks) | Survival |
6. Taiwan, 2005 [17] | F/58 | Metastatic lung cancer Chemotherapy (totally implanted CVAD) Parenteral nutrition | FLC 48 mg/L AMB 0.25 mg/L (NA) | Empirical coverage with FLC CVC removal AMB (17 days) | Death (P. aeruginosa septic shock, BC clearance after 4 days AMB treatment) |
7. United States of America, 2014 [18] | M/57 | Relapsed lymphoma HSCT GVHD PICC | FLC 8 mg/L ITC 0.25 mg/L VRC 0.125 mg/L POS 0.125 mg/L AMB 1 mg/L 5-FC > 64 mg/L CAS 8 mg/L AFG 8 mg/L MFG 8 mg/L TRB 0.06 mg/L (NA) | Prophylactic coverage with MFG CVC removal Switch to VRC and L-AMB (10 days) | Death (10 days after discontinuation of antifungal therapy due to transition to comfort care measures, BC clearance after 2 days of VRC and L-AMB) |
8. Japan, 2012 [19] | F/47 | Metastatic lingual and esophageal cancer Malnutrition Chemotherapy (totally implanted CVAD) | MFG > 16 mg/L (NA) | CVC removal MFG (12 days) | Death |
9. Japan, 2017 [20] | M/45 | Myelofibrosis AML UCBT Prolonged neutropenia | AMB 0.5 mg/L MCF > 16 mg/L FLC > 16 mg/L (CLSI M27-A3) | Prophylactic coverage with MFG CVC removal L-AMB (49 days) | Death (negative BC after 28 days treatment with L-AMB) |
10. Argentina, 2019 [10] | M/75 | Cirrhosis COPD CVC | AMB 0.125 mg/L CAS 0.008 mg/L AFG 0.008 mg/L (CLSI M38-A2) | CVC removal AFG (until death) | Death (negative BC after CVC removal and 5 days AFG treatment) |
11. Japan, 2019 [21] | F/67 | Follicular lymphoma recurrence PICC | 5-FC 2 mg/L AMB 0.25 mg/L CAS 4 mg/L FLC 8 mg/L ITC 0.25 mg/L MFG 8 mg/L MCZ 0.5 mg/L VRC 0.06 mg/L (commercial ASTY® colorimetric panel) | CVC removal Empirical coverage with MFG (12 days) MFG and L-AMB (5 days) MFG and VRC (8 days) VRC (6 days) | Survival (positive BC after 12 days treatment with MFG, positive BC after MFG and L-AMB treatment, negative BC after MFG and VRC treatment) |
12. India, 2020 [22] | F/0.2 | Late preterm infant Mitochondriopathy and inborn error of metabolism Treatment with broad spectrum antibiotics CVC | AMB 1 mg/L FLC 4 mg/L VRC ≤ 0.03 mg/L ITC ≤ 0.03 mg/L POS 0.06 mg/L 5-FC 4 mg/L CAS 2 mg/L MFG 2 mg/L AFG 4 mg/L (CLSI M27-A3) | CVC removal FLC (21 days) | Survival |
13. Present case (Greece, 2021) | M/0.1 | Prematurity and ELBW (810 g) Intubation, mechanical ventilation, RDS Abdominal surgery, NEC, parenteral nutrition Treatment with broad spectrum antibiotics CVC | AMB 0.25/0.25 mg/L FLC 4/16 mg/L VRC 0.03/0.125 mg/L POS 0.03/0.06 mg/L ITC 0.03/0.125 mg/L ISA ND/0.5 mg/L 5-FC 4/ND mg/L MFG > 8/4 mg/L AFG > 8/4 mg/L CAS 8/2 mg/L (commercial Sensititre YeastOne® colorimetric panel and EUCAST E.DEF 9.3.2, respectively) | Prophylactic coverage with FLC FLC and L-AMB (7 days) | Death (No clearance of BC after 7 days of treatment with FLC and L-AMB) |