Fig. 5

Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analyses for VIQ (a), PIQ (b) and FIQ (c). The left panels show the selection of the optimal parameters (lambda) in the LASSO model used the minimum criterion of tenfold cross-validation. Partial likelihood deviation curves were plotted by lambda. Two dotted vertical lines were drawn at the optimal values at the minimum criterion (right) and the 1-SE criterion (left). The right panels show that LASSO coefficient profiles of 17 features. A coefficient profile plot was produced against the log lambda sequence. Vertical lines were drawn at the value selected using tenfold cross-validation, where optimal lambda resulted from the features with non-zero coefficients