Table 2 Study characteristics of included observational studies
From: Systematic literature review on surgical site preparation in paediatric surgery
Study | Lubega et al. (2017) [37] | Chang et al. (2011) | Rojo et al. (2012) [35] | Bashyal et al. (2009) [34] | Mc Cray et al. (1986) [33] | Bucher et al. (2011) [42] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Study design | Prospective | Prospective | Retrospective case–control | Retrospective | Retrospective case–control | Retrospective case–control |
Dates | Sep 2014- Jan 2015 | Jan-Oct 2007 | Oct 2010-Jan 2012 | Jan 1994- Dec 2005 | Jan-Aug1983 | Jan 1996- Dec 2007 |
Type of surgery | Emergency surgery | Reimplantation of bone flaps after craniotomy/craniectomy | Neonatal surgery | Pinning of supracondylar fracture | Genitourinary reconstructive surgery | Clean and clean-contaminated procedures |
Number of patients | Adults and children n = 114 | Adults and children n = 373 | Neonates n = 90 | Children n = 622 | Boys n = 70 | Children n = 477 |
Age | IQR 29Â years | Mean 48Â years | Mean 32.5 gw | Not stated | Mean group SSI 9.5Â years, Mean non-SSI 5.2Â years | 11% neonates, 27% infants, 43% children, 18% adolescents |
Antiseptic agents used | Iodine, Chlorhexidine (number of patients per group not stated) | 10% PVP gel & solution (n = 230), 10% PVP gel (n = 116), CHG (n = 27) | Betadine (n = 14), CHG (n = 70), other (n = 6) | PVP wash before reduction (n = 6), Alcohol wash & PVP spray after reduction (n = 110), PVP paint after reduction (n = 65), PVP spray after reduction (n = 278) | 1% Hexachlorophene & 70% Alcohol/aceton & Benzalkonium chloride (n = 21), PVP or Hexachlorophene (n = 49) | Iodine (n = 431), Chlorxylenol (n = 38), CHG (n = 1), Alcohol (n = 3) |
SSI criteria | Not stated | CDC criteria | CDC criteria | Not stated | Presence of fever and purulent drainage | CDC criteria |
SSI rate | 16.4% (18/110) | 5.8% (22/377) | 44.4% (40/90) | 1% (6/622) | 11.4% (8/70) | 0.99% (159/16031) |
Difference between antiseptic agents | n.s | PVP gel & solution superior (OR 0.21, p = 0.04) | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s |
Duration of follow-up | Max. 30Â days postoperatively | 30Â days | 30Â days | Min. 2Â weeks after pin removal | n.s | 30Â days |
Routine prophylactic antibiotics | n.s | n.s | 84% (76/90) | 26% (163/622) | All patients | 32% (155/477) |