Psychiatric disorders and associated risk factors in a sample of adolescents in Gaborone, Botswana: a cross-sectional study

Table 3 Associated factors of any psychiatric disorder in the participants

Variables	Psychiatric disorder				Statistic
	Absent		Present		df	χ²	p
	Frequency	%	Frequency	%
Gender
Male	225	66.2	115	33.8	1	0.21	0.648
Female	257	64.6	141	35.4
Ethnic group
Non-citizen	-	–	1	100.0	3	5.13	0.16
Tswana	367	63.8	208	36.2
Kalanga	73	73.0	27	27.0
Other ethnic groups	25	67.6	12	32.4
Religion
No religious affiliation	46	79.3	12	20.7	3	6.36	0.095
Christianity	424	64.4	234	35.6
Islam	3	75.0	1	25.0
Others	8	53.3	7	46.7
Birth order
First Born	112	63.6	64	36.4	1	0.34	0.56
Others	371	66.0	191	34.0
Loss of at least one parent to death or marital separation
Absent	10	55.6	8	44.4	1	0.79	0.374
Present	470	65.6	246	34.4
Age at parental separation or loss
5 years and above	20	60.6	13	39.4	1	0.49	0.480
Less than 5 years	28	52.8	25	47.2
Care giver
Both parents	91	73.4	33	26.6	1	4.18	0.041
Others^a	375	63.8	213	36.2
Fathers’ occupation or employment status
Unemployed	73	58.4	52	41.6	2	6.55	0.038
Higher occupational level	152	64.1	85	35.9
Lower occupational level	167	71.4	67	28.6
Mothers’ occupation or employment status
Unemployed	111	61.7	69	38.3	2	1.14	0.57
Higher occupational level	176	65.7	92	34.3
Lower occupational level	120	66.7	60	33.3
Early childhood illness
Absent	459	67.3	223	24.2	1	12.2	< 0.01
Present	27	45.0	33	55.0
Perinatal complication
Absent	480	66.9	238	33.1	1	20.1	< 0.01
Present	5	21.7	18	78.3
Family history of mental illness
Absent	450	68.4	208	31.6	1	21.4	< 0.01
Present	36	42.9	48	57.1
Substance related problems
Absent	358	70.5	150	29.5	1	17.6	< 0.01
Present	128	54.7	106	45.3

ISSN: 1471-2431