Table 2 Multinomial logistic regression results: Prevalence of breakfast skipping (relative risk ratio) by gender, grade, socioeconomic status, and geographical remoteness among South Australian students in grades 4–12 in 2019 (n = 71,390)

Gender

Male

ref

–

ref

–

ref

–

Female

1.17 (1.13–1.22)

<0.001

1.64 (1.58–1.71)

<0.001

1.57 (1.49–1.66)

<0.001

Other

1.46 (1.15–1.86)

0.002

2.37 (1.91–2.95)

<0.001

4.31 (3.47–5.37)

<0.001

Grade

4–5

ref

–

ref

–

ref

–

6–7

1.50 (1.42–1.59)

<0.001

1.68 (1.58–1.79)

<0.001

1.80 (1.64–1.97)

<0.001

8–9

2.03 (1.91–2.15)

<0.001

3.12 (2.93–3.31)

<0.001

4.56 (4.19–4.97)

<0.001

10–12

2.31 (2.18–2.45)

<0.001

4.44 (4.19–4.72)

<0.001

7.07 (6.51–7.68)

<0.001

Socioeconomic status

Quintile 1

1.21 (1.14–1.29)

<0.001

2.11 (1.99–2.24)

<0.001

2.80 (2.58–3.04)

<0.001

Quintile 2

1.18 (1.11–1.26)

<0.001

1.80 (1.68–1.93)

<0.001

2.08 (1.90–2.28)

<0.001

Quintile 3

1.11 (1.04–1.18)

0.003

1.58 (1.48–1.69)

<0.001

1.78 (1.62–1.96)

<0.001

Quintile 4

1.02 (0.96–1.08)

0.573

1.31 (1.22–1.40)

<0.001

1.42 (1.30–1.56)

<0.001

Quintile 5

ref

–

ref

–

ref

–

Geographical remoteness

Major Cities

ref

–

ref

–

ref

–

Inner Regional

1.16 (1.10–1.23)

<0.001

1.21 (1.15–1.28)

<0.001

1.26 (1.17–1.35)

<0.001

Outer Regional

1.20 (1.13–1.28)

<0.001

1.18 (1.11–1.25)

<0.001

1.22 (1.13–1.31)

<0.001

Remote/Very Remote

1.17 (1.05–1.30)

0.006

1.18 (1.06–1.31)

0.003

1.13 (0.98–1.30)

0.100