Table 5 Incidence rate ratio from multilevel Poisson models showing the multivariate association between morbidity incidence and the child-level, parent-related, household-level and community-level characteristics

Age of child (in years)

 Four

Ref

Ref

 Three

1.08*

(0.99—1.17)

1.08*

(0.99—1.17)

 Two

1.28***

(1.18—1.38)

1.28***

(1.18—1.38)

 One

1.55***

(1.44—1.67)

1.55***

(1.44—1.67)

 Less than one year

1.41***

(1.30—1.52)

1.41***

(1.30—1.52)

Gender of child

 Female

Ref

Ref

 Male

1.12***

(1.07—1.17)

1.11***

(1.06—1.17)

Number of children under mother

 One

Ref

Ref

 Two

0.90***

(0.85—0.96)

0.91***

(0.85—0.96)

 Three or more

0.75***

(0.60—0.93)

0.74***

(0.60—0.92)

Mother’s level of education

 Secondary and above

Ref

Ref

 Upto primary

1.00

(0.94—1.06)

1.01

(0.95—1.07)

 No formal education

0.92

(0.83—1.03)

0.94

(0.84—1.04)

Father’s level of education

 Secondary and above

Ref

Ref

 Upto primary

1.01

(0.96—1.08)

1.02

(0.96—1.08)

 No formal education

0.98

(0.90—1.06)

0.97

(0.90—1.06)

Household sanitation condition

 Poor

Ref

Ref

 Average

1.10**

(1.01—1.20)

1.11**

(1.02—1.21)

 Good

1.07

(0.98—1.17)

1.07

(0.98—1.17)

Water treated before drinking

 Yes

Ref

Ref

 No

1.11**

(1.01—1.22)

1.03

(0.93—1.14)

Type of handwashing place

 Private space

Ref

Ref

 Public space

0.92***

(0.87—0.98)

0.92**

(0.87—0.98)

 No handwashing place

1.05

(0.92—1.21)

1.05

(0.91—1.20)

Shares Toilet with other households

 Not shared

Ref

Ref

 Shared by two HH

1.05

(0.99—1.13)

1.06

(0.99—1.13)

 Shared by three HH

1.08*

(0.99—1.18)

1.08*

(0.99—1.18)

 Shared by four and more HH

0.96

(0.87—1.05)

1.00

(0.91—1.09)

Household wealth quintile

 Richest

Ref

Ref

 Rich

1.18***

(1.08—1.28)

1.14***

(1.05—1.25)

 Middle

1.15***

(1.05—1.26)

1.11**

(1.00—1.22)

 Poor

1.15***

(1.04—1.27)

1.09*

(0.98—1.22)

 Poorest

1.22***

(1.11—1.34)

1.16***

(1.04—1.29)

Religion of household

 Islam

Ref

Ref

 Hinduism

0.92*

(0.83—1.02)

0.91*

(0.83—1.01)

 Others

0.48***

(0.29—0.77)

0.47***

(0.29—0.76)

Type of season

 Summer

Ref

Ref

 Winter

1.12*

(0.99—1.27)

1.05

(0.92—1.20)

 Monsoon

1.21**

(1.02—1.45)

1.31***

(1.07—1.60)

Type of community

 City corporation

Ref

 Other urban areas

1.28***

(1.11—1.47)

 Rural areas

1.29***

(1.11—1.51)

Altitude level of community

 Low

Ref

 Medium

1.11**

(1.01—1.22)

 High

1.16**

(1.03—1.30)

Socioeconomic status of community

 Low

Ref

 Medium

1.00

(0.92—1.09)

 High

1.05

(0.93—1.18)

Level of maternal education in community

 Low

Ref

 Medium

0.98

(0.90—1.07)

 High

0.98

(0.89—1.08)

Administrative division of community

 Dhaka

Ref

 Chittagong

1.21**

(1.04—1.40)

 Barisal

1.32***

(1.12—1.56)

 Khulna

1.16*

(0.99—1.36)

 Mymensingh

1.13

(0.96—1.32)

 Rajshahi

1.23**

(1.04—1.45)

 Rangpur

1.15

(0.96—1.38)

 Sylhet

1.16*

(0.99—1.36)

Degrees of freedom

29

44

Akaike’s information criterion (AIC)

21,631.59

21,620.15

Bayesian information criterion (BIC)

21,835.63

21,929.72

Likelihood-ratio test between Model I and II

41.44***

Number of communities

672

672

Number of children

8,398

8,398