Table 1 Characteristics of study subjects^a

 Male, n (%)

296(54.3%)

192(49.0%)

47(58.8%)

57(78.1%)

< 0.001

 Age (years)

12 (3)

12 (3)

12 (3)

12 (3)

0.742

 Weight (kg)

46.7(18.4)

41.2(13.5)

54.3(16.8)

68.0(24.1)

< 0.001

 Height (cm)

151.0(17.0)

149.9(17.0)

153.1(16.8)

155.1(16.7)

0.027

 BMI (kg/m²)

19.7(4.5)

17.7(2.7)

22.4(2.6)

27.2(4.7)

< 0.001

 BMI SD score^d

0.2(−0.5,1.3)

−0.2(−0.7,0.3)

1.6(1.3,1.9)

3.0(2.5,3.5)

< 0.001

 WC, cm

67.5(12.6)

62.2(7.8)

74.3(8.1)

88.1(12.1)

< 0.001

 Body fat percentage %^b

28.9(7.5)

26.9(7.2)

32.0(6.6)

36.0(3.9)

< 0.001

 SBP (mmHg)

116(13)

113(11)

123(13)

129(12)

< 0.001

 DBP (mmHg)

67(9)

65(8)

70(8)

73(8)

< 0.001

 Heart Rate

79(11)

79(11)

79(11)

82(12)

0.108

 Baseline PWA (occ) (au)^d

169(87,331)

148(77,277)

161(92,346)

285(1741,481)

< 0.001

 Baseline PWA (con) (au)^d

171(91,340)

144(84,296)

185(97,352)

317(170,504)

< 0.001

 RHI (ml/mm Hgx100)

1.66(0.58)

1.64(0.53)

1.69(0.68)

1.72(0.71)

0.507

 InRHI(ml/mm Hgx100⁻¹)

0.45(0.33)

0.45(0.32)

0.45(0.37)

0.48(0.36)

0.791

 F-RHI(ml/mm Hgx100⁻¹)

0.52(0.39)

0.55(0.38)

0.49(0.44)

0.44(0.41)

0.064

 Peak response^d (ml/mm Hgx100)

1.84(1.29,2.57)

1.86(1.31,2.61)

1.76(1.20,2.41)

1.68(1.28,2.34)

0.308

 AIx75 (%)

−8.49(− 10.71)

− 8.02(10.43)

− 10.23(11.79)

− 9.12(10.84)

0.215

 BaPWV(mm/s)

861(127)

849(116)

883(154)

903(143)

0.001

 Fasting Glucose (mmol/L)^c

5.1(0.6)

5.1(0.6)

5.1(0.8)

5.3(0.7)

0.047

 Insulin (μIU/ml)^{b, d}

5.5(3.8,7.9)

4.8(3.6,6.7)

6.4(3.9,9.2)

11.9(8.0,26.9)

< 0.001

 HOMA-IR^{b, d, e}

1.3(0.8,1.8)

1.1(0.8,1.5)

1.5(1.0,2.1)

2.6(1.8,6.1)

< 0.001

 TC (mmol/L)^c

3.99(0.70)

3.94(0.66)

3.97(0.72)

4.30(0.85)

< 0.001

 TG (mmol/L)^c

0.67(0.37)

0.59(0.29)

0.75(0.33)

1.09(0.52)

< 0.001

 HDLC (mmol/L)^c

1.45(0.29)

1.51(0.28)

1.33(0.26)

1.30(0.23)

< 0.001

 LDLC (mmol/L)^c

2.36(0.63)

2.27(0.57)

2.47(0.62)

2.73(0.76)

< 0.001