Table 2 Demographic characteristics of the children and parents included in the analysis (N = 901)
From: Early temperament as a predictor of language skills at 40 months
n (%) or M (SD) | Range | |
|---|---|---|
Child sex (Boys %) | 450 (50%) | |
Birthweight (g) | 2931 (441) | 1064–4286 |
Gestational age at birth (weeks) | 38.9 (1.6) | 29.6–42.1 |
Birth order | ||
First | 447 (50%) | |
Second | 337 (37%) | |
Third or Later | 117 (13%) | |
Twin births | 29 (3%) | |
Age of mother at the time of the child’s birth (years) | 31.9 (5.0) | 17.7–44.9 |
Mother’s education (years) | 13.9 (1.9) | 6.0–23.0 |
History of maternal psychiatric diagnosis (Yes %) | 90 (10%) | |
Annual household income (million JPY) | 6.13 (2.82) | 1.0–27.0 |
The ECBQ scores at 18 months of age | ||
Discomfort | 2.0 (0.7) | 1.0–5.2 |
Fear | 2.3 (0.7) | 1.0–5.1 |
Frustration | 3.3 (0.9) | 1.0–7.0 |
Motor activation | 2.2 (0.8) | 1.0–5.5 |
Perceptual sensitivity | 3.3 (1.0) | 1.0–6.4 |
Sadness | 2.5 (1.0) | 1.0–6.0 |
Shyness | 3.5 (1.1) | 1.0–6.8 |
Soothability | 5.7 (0.9) | 1.5–7.0 |
Attentional focusing | 3.7 (1.1) | 1.0–6.8 |
Attentional shifting | 4.6 (0.8) | 1.8–6.9 |
Cuddliness | 4.1 (1.1) | 1.5–7.0 |
Inhibitory control | 3.1 (0.9) | 1.0–6.1 |
Low-intensity pleasure | 4.7 (0.8) | 1.8–6.7 |
Activity level | 4.9 (0.8) | 2.1–7.0 |
High-intensity pleasure | 4.2 (1.6) | 1.0–7.0 |
Impulsivity | 4.3 (1.3) | 1.0–7.0 |
Positive anticipation | 3.9 (0.9) | 1.0–5.0 |
Sociability | 4.7 (1.9) | 1.0–7.0 |
Expressive language scores (z-score) | −0.01 (1.02) | −3.00–2.88 |
Receptive language scores (z-score) | −0.02 (0.98) | −3.00–3.00 |