Table 5 Comparison of an average intake of energy, micronutrients and macronutrients for pre-pregnancy and third trimester of pregnancy in mothers in the study^*

Energy (Kcal/d)

2729.6 ± 895.11

2744.71 ± 935.46

2855

0.82

Carbohydrate (g/d)

405.09 ± 143.12

382.08 ± 140.49

175

0.03

Protein (g/d)

99.03 ± 36.11

131.85 ± 84.47

71

< 0.001

Fat (g/d)

95.41 ± 39.70

–

99.36 ± 43.88

–

0.21

Cholesterol (mg/d)

294.43 ± 149.06

–

345.85 ± 226.25

–

< 0.001

SFA (g/d)

29.66 ± 12.55

–

29.48 ± 13.55

–

0.85

PUFA (g/d)

26. 40 ± 14.60

–

20.01 ± 13.08

–

< 0.001

MUFA (g/d)

44.79 ± 18.47

–

54.13 ± 26.80

–

< 0.001

Iron (mg/d)

18.85 ± 6.65

18

22.32 ± 15.64

27

< 0.001

Calcium (mg/d)

1204.62 ± 439.35

1000

1407.62 ± 591.59

1000

< 0.001

Sodium (mg/d)

8557.07 ± 3720.44

1500

4238.09 ± 1667.52

1500

< 0.001

Zinc (mg/d)

10.05 ± 4.44

8

17.94 ± 10.62

11

< 0.001

Magnesium (mg/d)

327.24 ± 123.29

320

382.36 ± 195.85

350

< 0.001

Phosphorus (mg/d)

1470.97 ± 635.87

700

1383.88 ± 667.49

700

0.06

Potassium (mg/d)

3939.83 ± 1432.59

2600

3559.80 ± 1546.32

2900

0.001

Iodine (μg/d)

2.56 ± 4.42

150

0.28 ± 4.41

220

< 0.001

Vitamin A (μg/d)

1123.35 ± 638.82

700

1119.09 ± 860.38

770

0.92

Thiamine (mg/d)

2.35 ± 1.15

1.1

2.51 ± 1.62

1.4

0.12

Riboflavin (mg/d)

20.36 ± 30.61

1.1

25.28 ± 35.22

1.4

0.04

Vitamin B6 (mg/d)

4.45 ± 5.42

1.3

1.69 ± 5.49

1.9

< 0.001

Folate (μg/d)

628.73 ± 226.41

400

613.15 ± 247.66

600

0.37

Vitamin B12 (μg/d)

13.64 ± 27.01

2.4

8.57 ± 2.67

2.6

0.01

Vitamin C (mg/d)

191.55 ± 106.83

75

162.43 ± 122.04

85

0.001

Vitamin D (μg/d)

9.60 ± 12.32

15

9.90 ± 8.55

15

0.82

Vitamin E (mg/d)

7.55 ± 4.36

15

7.99 ± 7.38

15

0.34