Table 7 Attributable Fraction in the Exposed by Substance

Obstructive genitourinary defect

−0.09 (−0.15, −0.03)

0.02 (−0.03, 0.07)

−0.11 (−0.17, −0.06)

0.15 (0.1, 0.19)

−0.16 (−0.22, −0.12)

0.48 (0.39, 0.56)

Cleft lip with and without cleft palate

0.05 (−0.02, 0.12)

−0.06 (−0.14, 0.02)

0.23 (0.17, 0.29)

0.02 (−0.06, 0.1)

−0.07 (−0.15, 0.01)

0.34 (0.07, 0.53)

Pulmonary valve atresia

0.05 (−0.09, 0.18)

−1.21 (−1.63, −0.86)

0.39 (0.32, 0.46)

−0.03 (−0.16, 0.09)

0.22 (0.12, 0.3)

0.26 (0.15, 0.35)

Cloacal exstrophy

0.65 (0.59, 0.7)

−0.18 (−0.36, −0.02)

0.38 (0.29, 0.45)

−0.6 (−0.84, −0.39)

0.79 (0.75, 0.83)

0.23 (0.11, 0.34)

Hirschsprung disease (congenital megacolon)

0.11 (−0.06, 0.25)

−0.75 (−1.12, −0.44)

0.06 (−0.12, 0.21)

0.01 (−0.2, 0.17)

0.31 (0.19, 0.42)

0.22 (−0.26, 0.52)

Congenital hip dislocation

−0.07 (−0.19, 0.04)

0.09 (−0.03, 0.19)

−0.05 (−0.18, 0.06)

0.46 (0.4, 0.52)

0.56 (0.52, 0.6)

0.22 (−0.15, 0.46)

Small intestinal atresia/stenosis

−0.16 (−0.29, −0.03)

−0.15 (−0.29, −0.03)

0.08 (−0.01, 0.16)

0.09 (0, 0.17)

0.18 (0.11, 0.25)

0.21 (0.12, 0.28)

Single ventricle

−0.2 (−0.51, 0.05)

−1.17 (−1.77, −0.7)

0.06 (−0.08, 0.19)

−0.24 (−0.43, −0.07)

0.18 (0.05, 0.28)

0.18 (0, 0.33)

Deletion 22q11.2

−0.69 (−1.2, −0.3)

0.2 (−0.02, 0.38)

0.66 (0.58, 0.72)

0.45 (0.31, 0.56)

0.26 (0.09, 0.41)

0.18 (−0.11, 0.39)

Biliary atresia

0.02 (−0.15, 0.17)

−0.6 (−0.96, −0.31)

−0.13 (−0.34, 0.05)

0.1 (−0.06, 0.24)

0.16 (0.02, 0.28)

0.17 (0.02, 0.29)

Double outlet right ventricle

0.03 (−0.09, 0.15)

−0.46 (−0.67, −0.27)

0.1 (0.01, 0.19)

−0.1 (−0.21, 0.01)

0.16 (0.07, 0.24)

0.13 (0.01, 0.25)

Trisomy 13

−0.62 (−0.87, −0.41)

−0.04 (−0.18, 0.09)

−0.16 (−0.23, −0.11)

0.43 (0.4, 0.46)

0.22 (0.18, 0.26)

0.12 (0, 0.22)

Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection

−0.6 (−0.91, −0.34)

−0.62 (−0.98, −0.33)

0.3 (0.19, 0.4)

0.24 (0.11, 0.34)

0.05 (−0.08, 0.16)

0.11 (−0.01, 0.23)

Clubfoot

0.02 (−0.04, 0.07)

−0.14 (−0.2, −0.08)

0.03 (−0.03, 0.09)

−0.01 (−0.07, 0.05)

0.07 (0.01, 0.12)

0.09 (0.03, 0.15)

Diaphragmatic hernia

0.18 (0.12, 0.25)

−0.21 (−0.32, −0.1)

0.13 (0.05, 0.2)

−0.15 (−0.26, −0.06)

0.2 (0.13, 0.26)

0.08 (0, 0.15)

Patent ductus arteriosus

−0.05 (−0.09, 0)

−0.39 (−0.45, −0.33)

0.11 (0.07, 0.15)

−0.27 (−0.33, −0.21)

−0.72 (−0.79, −0.65)

0.07 (−0.12, 0.23)

Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)

−0.2 (−0.25, −0.15)

0.03 (−0.01, 0.07)

0.02 (−0.01, 0.04)

0.12 (0.1, 0.14)

0.12 (0.11, 0.14)

0.05 (0.02, 0.09)

Atrioventricular septal defect

−0.06 (−0.13, 0.01)

−0.27 (−0.36, −0.18)

0.06 (0.01, 0.12)

−0.08 (−0.15, −0.02)

0.05 (0, 0.1)

0.05 (−0.01, 0.11)

Trisomy 18

−0.52 (−0.67, −0.38)

−0.12 (−0.22, −0.02)

0.05 (0.02, 0.09)

0.25 (0.23, 0.28)

0.24 (0.21, 0.26)

0.04 (−0.04, 0.12)

Cleft lip alone

0.06 (−0.04, 0.15)

0.04 (−0.07, 0.13)

0.15 (0.07, 0.22)

−0.23 (−0.33, −0.13)

−0.03 (−0.12, 0.04)

0.03 (−0.08, 0.12)

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome

0.17 (0.09, 0.23)

−0.46 (−0.61, −0.32)

0.1 (0.04, 0.16)

−0.1 (−0.18, −0.03)

0.09 (0.03, 0.15)

0.03 (−0.06, 0.1)

Aortic valve stenosis

−0.04 (−0.16, 0.06)

−0.4 (−0.57, −0.25)

0.37 (0.32, 0.42)

0.03 (−0.04, 0.1)

−0.12 (−0.19, −0.04)

0.02 (−0.07, 0.11)

Transposition of great arteries

0.2 (0.14, 0.26)

−0.25 (−0.36, −0.14)

0.18 (0.12, 0.24)

−0.18 (−0.27, −0.09)

0.01 (−0.06, 0.08)

0.01 (−0.06, 0.08)

Anotia/microtia

−1.73 (−2.1, −1.4)

−0.15 (−0.29, −0.03)

0.28 (0.23, 0.32)

0.38 (0.35, 0.42)

0 (−0.04, 0.04)

0.01 (−0.09, 0.09)

Rectal and large intestinal atresia/stenosis

0.17 (0.11, 0.22)

−0.19 (−0.28, −0.11)

0.07 (0, 0.14)

−0.15 (−0.24, −0.07)

−0.11 (−0.18, −0.04)

0 (−0.06, 0.07)

Spina bifida without anencephalus

0.04 (−0.03, 0.1)

−0.2 (−0.3, −0.11)

0.27 (0.23, 0.3)

0 (−0.05, 0.04)

0.05 (0.01, 0.08)

0 (−0.07, 0.07)

Gastroschisis

0 (−0.07, 0.06)

−0.13 (−0.21, −0.05)

0.32 (0.28, 0.36)

−0.03 (−0.1, 0.03)

−0.08 (−0.14, −0.02)

0 (−0.07, 0.06)

Cleft lip with cleft palate

0.12 (0.06, 0.18)

−0.16 (−0.26, −0.07)

0.27 (0.22, 0.32)

−0.08 (−0.15, −0.01)

−0.05 (−0.11, 0.02)

−0.01 (−0.08, 0.06)

Coarctation of the aorta

0.14 (0.09, 0.19)

−0.42 (−0.52, −0.33)

0.14 (0.09, 0.18)

−0.15 (−0.21, −0.09)

0.28 (0.24, 0.31)

−0.02 (−0.08, 0.04)

Anencephalus

−0.12 (−0.24, −0.01)

−0.43 (−0.59, −0.28)

0.26 (0.23, 0.3)

0.03 (−0.01, 0.08)

−0.08 (−0.12, −0.04)

−0.03 (−0.14, 0.06)

Esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula

0.07 (−0.01, 0.15)

0.06 (−0.03, 0.14)

0.04 (−0.05, 0.12)

0.01 (−0.09, 0.09)

0.1 (0.02, 0.17)

−0.03 (−0.12, 0.05)

Tetralogy of Fallot

0.09 (0.03, 0.15)

−0.28 (−0.38, −0.19)

0.03 (−0.03, 0.09)

−0.01 (−0.08, 0.05)

−0.04 (−0.1, 0.02)

−0.04 (−0.1, 0.03)

Encephalocele

0.17 (0.05, 0.28)

−0.46 (−0.72, −0.24)

0.07 (−0.02, 0.15)

−0.1 (−0.2, 0)

−0.07 (−0.16, 0.02)

−0.04 (−0.2, 0.09)

Congenital posterior urethral valves

0.1 (−0.06, 0.23)

−0.65 (−0.93, −0.42)

0.06 (−0.08, 0.18)

−0.19 (−0.38, −0.03)

0.25 (0.13, 0.35)

−0.05 (−0.27, 0.12)

Interrupted aortic arch

0.21 (−0.01, 0.38)

−0.17 (−0.54, 0.1)

0.27 (0.11, 0.41)

−0.24 (−0.53, 0)

0.04 (−0.18, 0.21)

−0.07 (−0.37, 0.16)

Dextro-transposition of great arteries (d-TGA)

0.16 (0.07, 0.25)

−0.13 (−0.27, 0)

−0.04 (−0.15, 0.06)

−0.13 (−0.25, −0.02)

−0.34 (−0.46, −0.22)

−0.07 (−0.18, 0.03)

Congenital cataract

−0.07 (−0.2, 0.04)

−0.1 (−0.24, 0.02)

0.08 (−0.03, 0.18)

−0.03 (−0.15, 0.08)

−0.06 (−0.17, 0.04)

−0.12 (−0.24, 0)

Bladder exstrophy

0.36 (0.16, 0.51)

−0.08 (−0.45, 0.19)

0.14 (−0.16, 0.36)

−0.17 (−0.61, 0.15)

0.03 (−0.33, 0.29)

−0.13 (−0.5, 0.15)

Cleft palate alone

0.19 (0.14, 0.23)

0.01 (−0.05, 0.07)

0.13 (0.08, 0.18)

−0.04 (−0.1, 0.02)

−0.05 (−0.1, 0.01)

−0.14 (−0.21, −0.08)

Pyloric stenosis

0.42 (0.39, 0.45)

−1.85 (−2.08, −1.63)

0.47 (0.44, 0.5)

−0.5 (−0.61, −0.4)

−0.12 (−0.19, −0.05)

−0.15 (−0.32, 0.01)

Pulmonary valve atresia and stenosis

0 (−0.05, 0.05)

−0.4 (−0.48, −0.33)

0.02 (−0.03, 0.06)

−0.14 (−0.2, −0.09)

−0.14 (−0.19, −0.09)

−0.17 (−0.22, −0.12)

Limb deficiencies (reduction defects)

0.09 (0, 0.16)

−0.15 (−0.26, −0.05)

0.07 (0, 0.13)

−0.18 (−0.26, −0.1)

−0.29 (−0.37, −0.22)

−0.18 (−0.29, −0.07)

Hydrocephalus without spina bifida

0.25 (0.18, 0.32)

0.03 (−0.06, 0.12)

−0.15 (−0.25, −0.06)

−0.03 (−0.12, 0.05)

0.04 (−0.03, 0.11)

−0.2 (−0.52, 0.06)

Amniotic Bands

−0.06 (−0.49, 0.25)

−0.53 (−1.03, −0.16)

0.33 (0.04, 0.53)

−0.49 (−1.28, 0.03)

−0.19 (−0.73, 0.19)

−0.2 (−1.14, 0.33)

Ebstein anomaly

0.12 (−0.03, 0.25)

−0.41 (−0.69, −0.18)

0.25 (0.14, 0.35)

−0.09 (−0.25, 0.05)

−0.13 (−0.29, 0.01)

−0.2 (−0.4, −0.03)

Choanal atresia

0.28 (0.19, 0.37)

0.02 (−0.11, 0.15)

−0.2 (−0.35, −0.07)

−0.14 (−0.28, −0.01)

−0.29 (−0.45, −0.15)

−0.23 (−0.39, −0.09)

Omphalocele

0.16 (0.07, 0.24)

−0.27 (−0.41, −0.14)

0.07 (0.01, 0.13)

−0.18 (−0.26, −0.1)

−0.09 (−0.15, −0.02)

−0.24 (−0.37, −0.12)

Common truncus (truncus arteriosus)

0.52 (0.44, 0.59)

−0.73 (−1.1, −0.43)

0.02 (−0.15, 0.16)

−0.39 (−0.64, −0.18)

−0.37 (−0.59, −0.18)

−0.32 (−0.54, −0.12)

Reduction deformity, Lower limbs

0.18 (0.03, 0.31)

−0.07 (−0.28, 0.12)

0.04 (−0.14, 0.19)

−0.22 (−0.46, −0.02)

−0.2 (−0.4, −0.02)

−0.32 (−1.12, 0.17)

Ventricular septal defect

0.16 (0.14, 0.18)

−0.19 (−0.22, −0.16)

−0.18 (−0.2, −0.15)

−0.26 (−0.29, −0.23)

−0.34 (−0.37, −0.31)

−0.33 (−0.36, −0.3)

Craniosynostosis

0.21 (0.12, 0.29)

−0.64 (−0.84, −0.46)

0.11 (0.01, 0.19)

−0.02 (−0.13, 0.08)

−0.84 (−1.01, −0.69)

−0.34 (−0.48, −0.21)

Hypospadias

0.37 (0.36, 0.38)

−0.15 (−0.17, −0.13)

−0.02 (−0.04, 0)

0 (−0.02, 0.02)

−0.35 (−0.38, −0.33)

−0.37 (−0.4, −0.35)

Anophthalmia/microphthalmia

−0.26 (−0.44, −0.1)

0.03 (−0.11, 0.15)

0.15 (0.08, 0.22)

0.14 (0.07, 0.21)

−0.71 (−0.83, −0.59)

−0.38 (−0.55, −0.23)

Turner syndrome

−0.63 (−0.89, −0.41)

0.13 (0.01, 0.23)

0.01 (−0.05, 0.07)

0.1 (0.04, 0.16)

0.36 (0.32, 0.4)

−0.39 (−0.68, −0.15)

Microcephalus

0.24 (0.16, 0.32)

−0.28 (−0.42, −0.15)

0.09 (−0.02, 0.18)

−0.09 (−0.22, 0.02)

−0.41 (−0.54, −0.28)

−0.47 (−0.84, −0.17)

Holoprosencephaly

0.48 (0.41, 0.54)

−0.78 (−1.05, −0.54)

−0.18 (−0.25, −0.11)

−1.58 (−1.74, −1.43)

0.19 (0.14, 0.24)

−0.55 (−0.8, −0.33)

Epispadias

−0.24 (−0.6, 0.03)

0.18 (−0.08, 0.38)

−0.44 (−0.9, −0.1)

0.27 (0.04, 0.44)

0.24 (0.03, 0.4)

−0.56 (−1.18, −0.12)

Renal agenesis/hypoplasia

0.2 (0.15, 0.25)

−0.08 (−0.16, −0.01)

−0.05 (−0.11, 0)

−0.18 (−0.25, −0.12)

−0.86 (−0.97, −0.76)

−0.62 (−0.73, −0.52)

Atrial septal defect

0.6 (0.6, 0.61)

−0.79 (−0.83, −0.76)

0.24 (0.22, 0.25)

−0.4 (−0.43, −0.37)

−0.4 (−0.43, −0.38)

−0.91 (−0.94, −0.88)

Reduction deformity, Upper limbs

−0.11 (−0.27, 0.03)

−0.05 (−0.21, 0.08)

0.02 (−0.11, 0.14)

−0.2 (−0.36, −0.06)

−0.43 (−0.6, −0.27)

−0.97 (−1.61, −0.48)

Tricuspid valve atresia and stenosis

−0.49 (−0.7, −0.31)

−0.1 (−0.24, 0.03)

−0.63 (−0.8, −0.48)

0.15 (0.07, 0.22)

−0.88 (−1.06, −0.72)

−1.21 (−1.46, −0.99)

Aniridia

0.2 (−0.53, 0.58)

−1.92 (−5.62, −0.28)

0.46 (0.23, 0.62)

0.42 (0.12, 0.61)

0.31 (−0.07, 0.55)

–