Table 1 Background, birth and gestational data, and anthropometric measures and blood work at 5y follow-up

Gestation, birth and growth

Sex (male/female)

27/21

56 %/44 %

9/14

39 %/61 %

9/10

47 %/53 %

0.376

Age at follow-up (y)

5.8

5.7;5.9

5.8

5.7;6.1

5.8

5.7;5.9

0.776

Maternal pre-pregnancy diabetes

5

5 %

0

0 %

14^***

74 %

< 0.001

Maternal pre-eclampsia

3

6 %

8^**

35 %

1

5 %

0.003

Mode of delivery (vaginal/caesarian)^a

31/16

65 %/33 %

12/11

52 %/48 %

7/12

37 %/63 %

0.087

Gestational age at delivery (weeks)

34.9

34.1;39.3

37.6

34.6;38.1

35.7

34.6;37.6

0.602

Birth height (cm)

47

46; 51

43^***

42; 46

51^**

49; 53

< 0.001

Birth height Z-score (cm)

0.43

±0.93

-2.42^***

±1.19

2.16^***

0.98

< 0.001

Birth weight (g)

2550

2195;3474

2005^***

1735:2390

4060^***

3740;4480

< 0.001

Birth weight (Z-score)

0.06

-0.69;0.85

-2.67^***

-2.86;-1.97

3.87^***

3.10;4.13

< 0.001

Birth head circumference (cm)

33.1

± 2.1

31.3^***

±1.5

35.1^***

±1.9

< 0.001

Birth head circumference (Z-score)

0.18

0.88

-1.50^***

±0.86

1.70^***

±0.75

< 0.001

Weight at 1 y (Z-score)

-0.03

±1.01

-0.98^**

±1.30

0.39

±0.76

< 0.001

Anthropometric data at 5y

Head circumference (cm)

52.1

±1.4

51.1^**

±1.4

52.7

±1.3

< 0.001

Head circumference (Z-score)

-0.25

±0.98

-0.94^*

±1.24

0.29

±0.96

0.001

Height (cm)

116.8

±4.5

111.8^***

±4.5

117.5

±3.6

< 0.001

Height (Z-score)

-0.03

±0.90

-1.15^***

±1.06

0.18

±0.65

< 0.001

Weight (kg)

20.1

18.0;22.3

17.9^**

15.2;20.7

22.6^**

21.2;23.9

< 0.001

Weight (Z-score)

-0.83

±1.28

-1.48

±2.02

0.38^***

±1.03

< 0.001

Body surface area (m²)

0.81

±0.07

0.75^**

±0.08

0.86^*

±0.07

< 0.001

Lean body mass (kg)

17.7

±1.9

15.8^***

±1.8

18.9^*

±1.6

< 0.001

Arm length (cm)

36.5

±2.0

35.3^*

±1.5

36.7

±2.1

0.036

Brachial circumference (cm)

17.8

±1.5

16.9

±1.6

18.9^*

±1.6

< 0.001

Antebrachial circumference (cm)

17.0

16.4;17.7

16.5^*

15.1;17.0

17.5

16.8;18.8

0.002

Leg length (cm)

58.9

±3.1

56.4^**

±3.6

60.1

±3.2

0.001

Thigh circumference (cm)

32.7

±3.2

31.3

±3.0

35.0^**

±2.6

< 0.001

Calf circumference (cm)

23.0

21.9;24.8

22.0

20.9;23.5

24.8^**

24.3;25.5

< 0.001

Adiposity data at 5y

Body mass index (kg/m²)

14.9

14.0;15.7

13.9

13.1;15.9

16.1^**

15.3;16.9

< 0.001

Body mass index (Z-score)

-0.80

±1.29

-1.38

±1.92

0.38^***

±1.04

< 0.001

Body fat (%)

13

9;16

8

4;15

15

12;18

0.046

Waist-hip ratio (no unit)

0.92

0.89;0.95

0.90

0.87;0.94

0.89

0.88;0.93

0.330

Fasting state blood work at 5y

C-reactive protein (mg/l)

0.35

0.23;0.94

0.41

0.19;0.90

0.31

0.21;0.68

0.865

Triglycerides (mmol/l)

0.61

0.47;0.77

0.57

0.51;0.62

0.56

0.50;0.74

0.891

Low-density lipoprotein (mmol/l)

2.48

±0.65

2.38

±0.56

2.69

±0.67

0.370

High-density lipoprotein (mmol/l)

1.44

±0.34

1.50

±0.26

1.55

±0.27

0.501

Total cholesterol (mmol/l)

4.14

±0.73

4.20

±0.60

4.41

±0.71

0.457

Glucose (mmol/l)

5.1

±0.3

5.2

±0.4

4.9

±0.4

0.149

Insulin (mU/l)

5.2

3.3;9.3

3.9

2.6;6.1

5.5

2.2;6.4

0.445

Glycated hemoglobin (mmol/mol)

32

±2

31

±2

33

±2

0.220

Family smoking and SES at 5y

Smoking exposure^b (yes/no)

37/11

77 %/23 %

16/5

70 %/22 %

14/4

74 %/21 %

1.000

Annual household income^c (≤30 000 €/ 30 001–70 000 €/ >70 000 €)

9/16/23

19 %/33 %/48 %

3/4/14

13 %/18 %/61 %

3/5/9

16 %/26 %/47 %

0.727

Upper secondary school completed^b (neither parent/one parent/both parents)

10/21/17

21 %/44 %/35 %

2/8/11

9 %/35 %/48 %

7/4/7

37 %/21 %/37 %

0.179

AGA appropriate for gestational age, LGA large for gestational age, SES socioeconomic status, SGA small for gestational age. Data are given as mean ± SD, median Q₁; Q3 or N and percentages, for normally, non-normally and nominal data, respectively. p-values correspond to ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis or Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact test, as appropriate. Significant differences in post-hoc tests (Dunnet, Games-Howell. Mann-Whitney U or Z-test for proportions) between the SGA or LGA groups and the AGA group are indicated with ^*, ^**, ^***, corresponding to significance levels of < 0.05, < 0.01 and < 0.001 respectively.

^aMode of delivery unknown for one AGA patient.

^bSmoking exposure and parental education status unknown for two SGA patients and one LGA patient.

^cAnnual household income unknown for two SGA and two LGA patients.