Table 3 Associations between family, child, and screen use characteristics and having high PSE score
Overall (n = 1245) N (%*) | High PSE score (≥7) %** | p-value | OR (95%CI) | AOR (95%CI)# | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Family characteristics | |||||
Maternal age | |||||
< 30 years | 313 (25.1) | 28.8 | 0.002 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
≥ 30 years | 932 (74.9) | 20.4 | 0.63 (0.47–0.85) | 0.63 (0.43–0.94) | |
Paternal age | |||||
< 30 years | 126 (10.1) | 20.6 | 0.599 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
≥ 30 years | 1119 (89.9) | 22.7 | 1.13 (0.72–1.79) | 2.12 (1.18–3.82) | |
Maternal education | |||||
≤ 12 years | 297 (23.9) | 36.4 | < 0.001 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
> 12 years | 948 (76.1) | 18.1 | 0.39 (0.29–0.52) | 0.59 (0.38–0.92) | |
Paternal education | |||||
≤ 12 years | 226 (18.2) | 33.6 | < 0.001 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
> 12 years | 1019 (81.8) | 20.0 | 0.49 (0.36–0.68) | 0.91 (0.60–1.40) | |
Maternal occupation | |||||
Working | 603 (48.4) | 15.8 | < 0.001 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Not working | 642 (51.6) | 28.8 | 2.17 (1.64–2.86) | 1.25 (0.77–2.04) | |
Income level | |||||
High | 696(55.9) | 21.0 | 0.305 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Middle | 321 (25.8) | 25.2 | 1.27 (0.93–1.74) | 1.14 (0.80–1.62) | |
Low | 228 (18.3) | 23.2 | 1.14 (0.80–1.63) | 0.97 (0.65–1.47) | |
Family type | |||||
Nuclear | 1076 (86.4) | 21.1 | 0.003 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Single parent or extended | 169 (13.6) | 31.4 | 1.71 (1.20–2.44) | 1.61 (0.94–2.74) | |
Number of family members | |||||
< 5 | 940 (75.5) | 19.3 | < 0.001 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
≥ 5 | 305 (24.5) | 32.5 | 2.02 (1.51–2.69) | 0.90 (0.46–1.77) | |
Settlement | |||||
Urban | 930 (74.7) | 20.3 | 0.002 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Rural | 315 (25.3) | 28.9 | 1.59 (1.19–2.13) | 1.27 (0.89–1.80) | |
Province | |||||
Afyon | 205 (16.5) | 17.6 | 0.152 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Ankara | 861 (69.1) | 23.8 | 1.47 (0.99–2.17) | 2.54 (1.60–4.04) | |
Mersin | 179 (14.4) | 21.8 | 1.31 (0.79–2.17) | 1.72 (0.98–3.05) | |
Child characteristics | |||||
Age group | |||||
24–48 months | 647(52.0) | 24.6 | 0.067 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
49–72 months | 598(48.0) | 20.2 | 0.78 (0.60–1.02) | 0.71 (0.51–0.99) | |
Gender | |||||
Female | 610 (49.0) | 20.8 | 0.167 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Male | 635 (51.0) | 24.1 | 1.21 (0.92–1.58) | 1.10 (0.81–1.48) | |
Daycare of the child | |||||
Mother | 561 (45.1) | 30.1a | < 0.001 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Granparent | 200 (16.1) | 21.5b | 0.64 (0.43–1.19) | 0.96 (0.53–1.75) | |
Childminder | 58 (4.6) | 20.7b | 0.61 (0.31–1.17) | 1.03 (0.45–2.38) | |
Kindergarten | 426 (34.2) | 13.1c | 0.35 (0.25–0.49) | 0.60 (0.36–0.99) | |
Number of sister/brother | |||||
0 | 442 (35.5) | 17.4a | < 0.001 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
1 | 580 (46.6) | 21.7a | 1.32 (0.96–1.80) | 1.10 (0.77–1.57) | |
≥ 2 | 223 (17.9) | 34.5b | 2.50 (1.73–3.62) | 2.04 (0.98–4.21) | |
Screen use characteristics | |||||
Postponing eating or toileting or sleeping while screen using | |||||
Never | 846 (67.9) | 16.1c | < 0.001 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Sometimes | 280 (22.5) | 30.7b | 2.31 (1.69–3.16) | 4.43 (2.86–6.85) | |
Frequently | 119 (9.6) | 48.7a | 4.96 (3.31–7.43) | 2.73 (1.94–3.85) | |
Having own electronic screen device | |||||
None | 979 (78.6) | 23.6 | 0.118 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
1 device | 238 (19.1) | 19.3 | 0.78 (0.55–1.11) | 0.87 (0.59–1.28) | |
≥ 2 devices | 28 (2.3) | 10.7 | 0.39 (0.12–1.30) | 0.42 (0.12–1.48) | |
Using touchscreen devices | |||||
No | 403(32.4) | 16.4 | 0.001 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 842(67.6) | 25.4 | 1.74 (1.28–2.36) | 1.68 (1.19–2.38) | |
Daily duration of video gaming | |||||
None | 915 (73.5) | 22.2a | 0.006 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
< 1 h | 239 (19.2) | 18.8a | 0.81 (0.57–1.17) | 0.86 (0.58–1.28) | |
≥ 1 h | 91 (7.3) | 35.2b | 1.90 (1.20–3.00) | 1.56 (0.93–2.64) | |
Antropometric data | |||||
WFH z-score | |||||
< −2.0 | 62 (5.0) | 21.0 | 0.837 | 1.00 | |
-2.0, 2.0 | 821 (65.9) | 22.5 | 1.10 (0.58–2.06) | ||
> 2.0 | 80 (6.4) | 26.3 | 1.34 (0.61–2.95) | ||
Missing | 282 (22.7) | 21.6 | 1.04 (0.53–2.04) | ||
HFA z-score | |||||
< −2.0 | 52 (4.2) | 26.9 | 0.879 | 1.00 | |
-2.0, 2.0 | 806 (64.7) | 22.5 | 0.79 (0.42–1.48) | ||
> 2.0 | 111 (8.9) | 22.5 | 0.79 (0.37–1.68) | ||
Missing | 276 (22.2) | 21.7 | 0.75 (0.38–1.48) | ||
WFA z-score | |||||
< −2.0 | 16 (1.3) | 31.3 | 0.229 | 1.00 | |
-2.0, 2.0 | 904 (72.6) | 22.0 | 0.62 (0.21–1.81) | ||
> 2.0 | 44 (3.5) | 34.1 | 1.14 (0.33–3.88) | ||
Missing | 281(22.6) | 21.8 | 0.61 (0.20–1.82) | ||