Table 4 Adjusted odds ratios of interventions with effect on under-five mortality, multiple logistic regression analysis after matching

Survey year

2008

2014

0.94(0.48–1.82)

1.18(0.58–2.39)

0.86(0.42–1.79)

0.99(0.52–1.89)

0.73(0.36–1.49)

10.74(0.79–3.82)

1.41(0.56–3.60)

0.99(0.53–1.85)

Age(months)

< 1

1 to 5

0.02(0.01–0.04)

0.01(0.003–0.02)

0.01(0.003–0.03)

0.02(0.01–0.06)

0.01(0.004–0.03)

0.005(0.001–0.02)

0.01(0.005–0.04)

0.02(0.01–0.04)

6 to 11

0.02(0.01–0.05)

0.01(0.003–0.03)

0.01(0.004–0.03)

0.02(0.01–0.06)

0.01(0.002–0.03)

0.01(0.002–0.03)

0.01(0.004–0.03)

0.02(0.01–0.05)

>=12 months

0.005(0.002–0.01)

0.003(0.001–0.01)

0.004(0.001–0.01)

0.01(0.003–0.02)

0.003(0.001–0.01)

0.002(0.001–0.01)

0.002(0.0005-0.01)

0.01(0.002–0.01)

Gender

Male

Female

0.86(0.46–1.62)

0.81(0.57–3.41)

0.84(0.38–1.86)

0.83(0.46–1.50)

0.85(0.40–1.81)

1.55(0.74–3.28)

1.04(0.47–2.32)

0.84(0.46–1.52)

Birth interval

>=2 years

Less than 2

1.92(0.85–4.38)

4.57(2.22–9.39)

1.38(0.64–2.95)

2.76(1.38–5.53)

2.91(1.43–5.88)

1.57(0.72–3.43)

1.49(0.61–3.61)

2.22(1.09–4.51)

Birth order

Below 3

>= 3

1.65(0.79–3.45)

2.41(0.98–5.90)

1.05(0.47–2.34)

1.85(0.88–3.89)

2.53(1.23–5.19)

1.93(0.87–4.27)

1.12(0.46–2.73)

1.60(0.76–3.34)

Birth weight

Normal

Small

0.86(0.33–2.20)

1.40(0.57–3.41)

NA

0.81(0.27–2.40)

0.69(0.26–1.83)

NA

0.74(0.21–2.54)

0.65(0.24–1.76)

Multiple birth

No

Yes

7.08(1.41–35.60)

1.08(0.15–7.94)

10.12(2.56-40.00)

2.56(0.32–20.27)

1.69(0.33–8.63)

3.617(0.83–15.63)

43.64(12.24-155.58)

7.48(1.81–30.98)

Delivery type

Vaginal

Caesarean

0.89(0.36–2.21)

0.67(0.28–1.59)

0.66(0.26–1.69)

0.89(0.35–2.27)

0.52(0.19–1.43)

0.38(0.13–1.08)

0.48(0.16–1.46)

0.83(0.32–2.14)

Region

Northern belt

Middle belt

0.80(0.33–1.94)

0.61(0.23–1.56)

1.20(0.46–3.18)

0.59(0.25–1.39)

0.90(0.29–2.75)

0.62(0.21–1.82)

0.91(0.32–2.58)

0.75(0.31–1.80)

Southern belt

0.36(0.12–1.09)

0.42(0.13–1.39)

0.63(0.18–2.19)

0.45(0.16–1.28)

0.81(0.22–3.06)

0.28(0.07–1.10)

0.31(0.07–1.32)

0.39(0.14–1.10)

Urban/rural residence

Urban

Rural

1.16(0.45–3.01)

1.40(0.44–4.44)

0.92(0.35–2.42)

0.76(0.30–1.93)

0.83(0.32–2.12)

1.61(0.51–5.11)

2.02(0.52–7.81)

1.09(0.39–3.05)

Wealth quintile

Poorest

Poorer

0.85(0.28–2.57)

0.59(0.18–1.96)

0.92(0.28–3.04)

0.98(0.36–2.65)

1.52(0.37–6.29)

0.91(0.28-3.00)

0.62(0.21–1.83)

0.85(0.31–2.32)

Middle

1.32(0.41–4.23)

1.57(0.45–5.49)

1.20(0.33–4.33)

1.15(0.32–4.09)

2.17(0.49–9.68)

4.67(1.14–19.17)

1.35(0.28–6.54)

1.18(0.37–3.79)

Richer

0.79(0.16-4.00)

1.47(0.26–8.48)

1.06(0.22–5.18)

0.86(0.18–4.03)

0.88(0.11–7.07)

1.09(0.16–7.67)

0.79(0.14–4.63)

1.03(0.20–5.36)

Richest

1.35(0.23–7.73)

2.62(0.40-17.16)

1.24(0.23–6.75)

1.75(0.30-10.08)

3.85(0.34–43.59)

3.61(0.42–22.21)

1.15(0.15–8.76)

1.64(0.25–10.60)

Polygamous home

Not polygamous

Polygamous

2.22(1.15–4.28)

2.14(1.01–4.51)

1.64(0.73–3.70)

2.82(1.53–5.17)

3.16(1.44–6.95)

1.52(0.70–3.33)

0.94(0.29–3.05)

1.95(1.06–3.60)

Household size

< 6

>=6

1.57(0.72–3.41)

1.49(0.68–3.27)

2.12(0.96–4.68)

1.22(0.56–2.68)

1.60(0.77–3.36)

2.47(1.12–5.43)

1.31(0.60–2.84)

1.24(0.58–2.67)

No. of CU5 in household

1–2

3 and above

0.18(0.06–0.53)

0.12(0.03–0.44)

0.16(0.05–0.51)

0.15(0.05–0.50)

0.07(0.02–0.23)

0.17(0.06–0.44)

0.15(0.04–0.55)

0.20(0.07–0.54)

Maternal age

< 35

>=35

0.67(0.30–1.51)

0.60(0.24–1.48)

1.03(0.46–2.33)

0.57(0.24–1.32)

0.54(0.21–1.35)

0.39(0.18–0.84)

0.34(0.11-1.00)

0.73(0.35–1.55)

Maternal education

None

Primary

1.38(0.54–3.52)

1.45(0.52–4.05)

2.13(0.75–6.05)

1.52(0.59–3.93)

1.39(0.58–3.32)

0.72(0.27–1.88)

1.33(0.52–3.39)

1.06(0.43–2.66)

Secondary or higher

0.59(0.21–1.65)

0.83(0.28–2.46)

0.71(0.26–1.91)

0.57(0.21–1.59)

0.84(0.34–2.10)

0.34(0.12–0.98)

0.63(0.19–2.05)

0.49(0.19–1.28)

Married

Not Married

Married

0.70(0.32–1.53)

0.38(0.17–0.87)

0.73(0.29–1.82)

0.64(0.31–1.35)

0.67(0.31–1.46)

0.71(0.32–1.59)

0.71(0.27–1.86)

0.71(0.34–1.47)

Religion

Orthodox

Pentecostal

0.85(0.37–1.95)

1.41(0.52–3.79)

0.61(0.22–1.67)

1.13(0.49–2.61)

0.94(0.38–2.33)

0.72(0.27–1.95)

0.58(0.22–1.54)

0.81(0.37–1.78)

Islam

1.30(0.48–3.51)

3.37(1.06–10.73)

1.22(0.36–4.13)

2.13(0.79–5.77)

3.81(1.27–11.39)

2.59(0.95–7.10)

0.61(0.18–2.09)

1.35(0.54–3.41)

Others

1.17(0.37–3.70)

4.14(0.94–18.20)

0.93(0.19–4.45)

2.17(0.67–7.06)

1.90(0.52–6.98)

2.66(0.77–9.25)

0.98(0.30–3.16)

1.31(0.41–4.15)

Ethnicity

Akan

Mole-Dagbani

0.56(0.15–2.01)

1.01(0.27–3.85)

0.79(0.23–2.75)

0.48(0.15–1.52)

0.53(0.15–1.91)

0.50(0.12–2.07)

1.29(0.38–4.42)

0.65(0.20–2.05)

Others

1.26(0.54–2.95)

1.20(0.52–2.78)

1.53(0.53–4.37)

0.86(0.40–1.86)

1.78(0.77–4.12)

1.03(0.41–2.54)

1.22(0.48–3.08)

1.30(0.58–2.93)

Mother’s employment

Not employed

Employed

0.67(0.29–1.54)

0.46(0.21–1.01)

0.64(0.27–1.51)

0.90(0.40–2.04)

1.41(0.53–3.73)

0.84(0.36–1.97)

0.77(0.28–2.11)

0.74(0.34–1.65)

Contraceptives use

No use

Use

1.19(0.51–2.78)

1.36(0.54–3.44)

0.89(0.36–2.23)

1.40(0.62–3.14)

1.52(0.62–3.72)

0.90(0.41–1.97)

1.07(0.29–3.88)

1.43(0.64–3.16)

Sanitation

Not improved

Improved

1.05(0.40–2.74)

1.05(0.37–3.02)

0.60(0.21–1.72)

0.95(0.23–3.98)

0.48(0.12–1.88)

0.65(0.19–2.15)

0.88(0.30–2.58)

0.90(0.33–2.42)

Antenatal visits

< 4plus visits

4 + visit

1.59(0.71–3.57)

1.22(0.47–3.15)

0.88(0.26–2.96)

0.84(0.41–1.72)

0.91(0.37–2.24)

2.05(0.69–6.10)

0.99(0.39–2.50)

0.88(0.40–1.91)

Tetanus toxoid vaccine

Not received

Received

0.85(0.37–1.94)

0.59(0.26–1.33)

1.53(0.57–4.11)

0.57(0.26–1.25)

0.49(0.23–1.05)

0.58(0.23–1.35)

2.06(0.91–4.69)

0.86(0.41–1.79)

Skilled delivery

Not skilled

Skilled

1.48(0.54–4.03)

1.77(0.60–5.25)

1.71(0.61–4.77)

1.58(0.61–4.11)

1.58(0.51–4.91)

2.01(0.69–5.83)

0.94(0.32–2.80)

1.70(0.68–4.24)

Improved water source

Not improved

Improved

1.40(0.61–3.21)

1.39(0.56–3.42)

2.66(0.86–8.23)

1.34(0.63–2.82)

1.33(0.56–3.16)

1.76(0.69–4.65)

0.98(0.39–2.46)

1.31(0.61–2.82)

Water connected

Not connected

Connected

0.77(0.21–2.78)

0.48(0.13–1.88)

0.58(0.11–2.94)

0.52(0.14–1.96)

0.84(0.18–3.85)

0.46(0.08–2.72)

0.42(0.09–1.95)

0.64(0.17–2.38)

ITN/IRS protection

Not protected

Protected

0.83(0.37–1.87)

0.86(0.32–2.35)

1.02(0.42–2.50)

0.79(0.37–1.68)

0.76(0.38–1.53)

1.25(0.41–3.75)

0.37(0.16–0.87)

0.79(0.37–1.72)

Hygienic disposal of stool

Not hygienic

Hygienic

0.54(0.28–1.05)

0.63(0.30–1.32)

0.56(0.26–1.18)

0.58(0.31–1.06)

0.52(0.24–1.11)

0.43(0.20–0.91)

0.74(0.33–1.66)

0.62(0.33–1.15)

Early breastfeeding

Not early initiation

Early initiation

0.37(0.19–0.73)

0.32(0.14–0.72)

0.41(0.17–0.99)

0.38(0.21–0.69)

0.57(0.28–1.18)

0.21(0.10–0.46)

0.29(0.11–0.77)

0.42(0.22–0.79)

Clean postnatal care in 2days

No clean postnatal

Clean postnatal

0.29(0.11–0.75)

0.20(0.05–0.76)

0.24(0.06–1.03)

0.43(0.19–0.97)

0.34(0.14–0.82)

0.15(0.05–0.46)

0.27(0.05–1.46)

0.40(0.16–1.01)

Iron intake > 90 days

No iron intake

Iron intake

1.51(0.73–3.11)

1.30(0.62–2.72)

1.16(0.49–2.76)

1.31(0.64–2.65)

1.33(0.58–3.09)

1.62(0.79–3.30)

2.26(0.83–6.17)

1.51(0.73–3.10)

IPT-p

No IPT-p

IPT-p

1.65(0.76–3.57)

2.36(1.14–4.89)

1.74(0.78–3.92)

1.74(0.89–3.39)

1.20(0.65–2.22)

1.74(0.79–3.82)

0.81(0.35–1.86)

1.47(0.74–2.94)

NHIS status

Not covered

Covered

0.50(0.27–0.91)

0.51(0.27–0.98)

0.68(0.33–1.38)

0.68(0.38–1.22)

0.33(0.14–0.75)

0.55(0.25–1.22)

0.74(0.34–1.61)

0.51(0.28–0.94)