Table 1 Description of study variables.
Variables | Question | Response options (coding scheme) |
|---|---|---|
Age | “How old are you?” | “11 years old or younger to 16 or 18 years old or older” |
Sex | “What is your sex?” | “Male, Female” |
Grade | “In what grade/class/standard are you?” | |
Food insecurity | “During the past 30 days, how often did you go hungry because there was not enough food in your home?" | “1= never to 5= always” “(coded 1=0, 2-3=2 and 4–5=1)” |
Body weight and dietary behaviour | ||
Height | “How tall are you without your shoes on?” | |
Weight | “How much do you weigh without your shoes on?” | |
Fruits | “During the past 30 days, how many times per day did you usually (past 7 days how many times did you) eat fruit such as apples, bananas, or mandarins?” | “1=I did not eat fruit during the past 30 days/7 days to 7=5 or more/4 or more times per day” “(coded <2 times/day)” |
Vegetables | “During the past 30 days/7 days, how many times per day did you usually (past 7 days how many times did you) eat vegetables, such as lettuce, tomatoes, carrots, or pumpkin?” | “I did not eat vegetables during the past 30 days to 7=5 or more/4 or more times per day” “(coded <3 times/day” |
Hunger | “During the past 30 days, how often did you go hungry because there was not enough food in your home?" | “1= never to 5= always” “(coded 1–3=0 and 4–5=1)” |
Physical activity and sedentary behaviour | ||
“Physical activity” | “Physical activity is any activity that increases your heart rate and makes you get out of breath some of the time. Physical activity can be done in sports, playing with friends, or walking to school. Some examples of physical activity are running, fast walking, biking, dancing, football, swimming, or skating.” “During the past 7 days, on how many days were you physically active for a total of at least 60 minutes per day?” | “0=0 days to 7=7 days” “(coded 0-6=0 and 7=1)” |
“Leisure-time sedentary behaviour” | “How much time do you spend during a typical or usual day sitting and watching television, playing computer games, talking with friends, or doing other sitting activities, such as using the computer or cell phone?” | “1=less than 1 hour per day; 2=1-2 hrs/day; 3=3-4 hrs/day; 4=5-6 hrs/day; 5=7-8 hrs/day and 6=8 or more hours per day” |
“Walking or biking to school” | “During the past 7 days, on how many days did you walk or ride a bicycle to or from school?” | “1=0 days to 8=7 days” “(coded 1=1 and 2–8=0)” |
Substance use | ||
“Parental tobacco use” | “Which of your parents or guardians use any form of tobacco?” | “Neither, My father or male guardian, My mother or female guardian, Both” “(coded 0=neither and 1=either)” |
“Current smoking cigarettes” | “During the past 30 days, on how many days did you smoke cigarettes?” | “1=0 days to 7=All 30 days” “(coded 1=0 and 2-7=1)” |
“Current other tobacco use” | “During the past 30 days, on how many days did you use any tobacco products other than cigarettes, such as pipes, narguile, or smokeless tobacco?” | “1=0 days to 7=All 30 days” “(coded 1=0 and 2-7=1)” |
“Passive smoking” | “During the past 7 days, on how many days have people smoked in your presence?” | “1=0 days to 5=all 7 days” “(coded 1=0 and 2-5=1)” |
“Current alcohol use” | “During the past 30 days, on how many days did you have at least one drink containing alcohol?” | “1=0 days to 7=All 30 days” “(coded 1=0 and 2-7=1)” |
“Drunk” | “During your life, how many times did you drink so much alcohol that you were really drunk?” | “1=0 times to 4=10 or more times” “(coded 1=2=4 and 0=1)” |
“Trouble from alcohol use” | “During your life, how many times have you got into trouble with your family or friends, missed school, or got into fights, as a result of drinking alcohol?” | “1=0 times to 4=10 or more times” “(coded 1=2=4 and 0=1)” |
Injury and violence | ||
“Injury” | “During the past 12 months, how many times were you seriously injured?” | “1=0 times to 8=12 or more times” “(coded 1=0 and 2–8=1)” |
“Bullied” | “Bullying occurs when one or more students or someone else about your age teases, threatens, ignores, spreads rumors about, hits, shoves, or hurts another person over and over again. It is not bullying when two people of about the same strength or power argue or fight or tease each other in a friendly way?” GSHS 2007 and 2012 “During the past 30 days, on how many days were you bullied?” GSHS 2018 “During the past 12 months, have you ever been bullied on school property?” “During the past 12 months, have you ever been bullied when you were not on school property?” | “1=0 days to 7=All 30 days” “(coded 1=0 and 2–7=1)” “Yes, No” “Yes, No” (coded any of the two=1) |
“In a physical fight” | “During the past 12 months, how many times were you in a physical fight?” | “1=0 times to 8=12 or more times (coded 1=0 and 2–8=1)” |
“Physically attacked” | “During the past 12 months, how many times were you physically attacked?” | “1=0 times to 8=12 or more times (coded 1=0 and 2–8=1)” |
Poor mental health | ||
“No close friends” | “How many close friends do you have?” | “1 = 0 to 4 = 3 or more (coded 1+=0, 0=1)” |
“Loneliness” | “During the past 12 months, how often have you felt lonely?” | “1=never to 5=always (coded 1–3=0 and 4–5=1)” |
“Worry-induced sleep disturbance” | “During the past 12 months, how often have you been so worried about something that you could not sleep at night?” | “1=never to 5=always (coded 1–3=0 and 4–5=1)” |
“Suicidal ideation” | “During the past 12 months, did you ever seriously consider attempting suicide?” | “Yes, No” |
“Suicide plan” | “During the past 12 months, did you make a plan about how you would attempt suicide?” | “Yes, No” |
Sexual behaviour | ||
“Ever had sex” | “Have you ever had sexual intercourse?” | “Yes, No” |
“Multiple sexual partners” | “During your life, with how many people have you had sexual intercourse?” | “1=never had sex to 7=6 or more people (coded 1=3-7 and 0=1-2)” |
“Non-condom use” | “The last time you had sexual intercourse, did you or your partner use a condom, forro, preservativo, or profilactico?” | “Never had sex/Yes/No (coded 1=No and 0=never had sex/yes)” |
Protective factors | ||
“School attendance” | “During the past 30 days, on how many days did you miss classes or school without permission?” | “1=0 days to 5=10 or more days (coded 1=1 and 2-5=0)” |
“Peer support” | “During the past 30 days, how often were most of the students in your school kind and helpful?” | “1=never to 5=always (coded 1–3=0 and 4–5=1)” |
“Parental supervision” | “During the past 30 days, how often did your parents or guardians check to see if your homework was done?” | “1=never to 5=always (coded 1–3=0 and 4–5=1)” |
“Parental connectedness” | “During the past 30 days, how often did your parents or guardians understand your problems and worries?” | “1=never to 5=always (coded 1–3=0 and 4–5=1)” |
“Parental bonding” | “During the past 30 days, how often did your parents or guardians really know what you were doing with your free time?” | “1=never to 5=always (coded 1–3=0 and 4–5=1)” |