Association of cesarean birth with prevalence of functional constipation in toddlers at 3 years of age: results from the Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS)

Table.3 Odds ratios [95% CIs] for cases of functional constipation at 3 years of age according to cesarean section (n = 71,878 mother–toddler pairs)

Boldface indicates statistical significance at the level of two-sided p values of <5%
^aAdjusted for infant sex, major congenital anomaly, gestational age, solid food at 6 months, breastfeeding, attending a childcare facility at 1 year, attending a preschool or childcare facility at 3 years, constipation at 1 year, maternal age during pregnancy, pre-pregnant body mass index, parity, maternal history of allergies, use of antibacterial drugs during pregnancy, annual household income, highest education level, employed during pregnancy, marital status, physical activity corresponding to 10 min of walking, quintile of energy intake, smoking status at 1 month postpartum, passive smoking status at 1 month, and alcohol consumption at 1 month

ISSN: 1471-2431