Table 1 Summary of study variables and measures, by Ecological Model of Growth construct
Prepartum | Postpartum | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ecological Construct | Variable/Type | Measures/Instruments | Pregnancy (3rd trimester) | 3 wk. | 8 wk. | 3 mo. | 6 mo. | 9 mo. | 12 Mo. |
Child (Host/Agent) | Birth History | Gestational age, method of delivery, birth weight & length, day 2–5 weight & length, duration of labor, antibiotic exposure (from medical chart & reported) | ✓ | ||||||
Child demographics | Sex, race/ethnicity | ✓ | |||||||
Medical History | Antibiotic use, illnesses, other medications | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Infant Temperament | Infant Behavior Questionnaire – very short form | ✓ | |||||||
Reported Sleep | Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire and parent-reported sleep diaries (5 days each | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Objective Sleep | Ankle actigraphy (5 days each) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Food Allergy | FDA and CDC Infant Feeding Practices study II | ✓ | |||||||
Gut microbiome and metabolomics | Soiled diaper & swabs (Microbial genomic DNA and metabolites) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Intestinal cell transcriptomics (exfoliomics) | Soiled diaper (Microbial genomic RNA and human intestinal cell RNA) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Exposure to nutrients, environmental phenols, and phthalates * | Urine sample with urine collection bag | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Anthropometrics | Weight and length on standardized instruments | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Maternal & Family | Maternal demographics | Age, education, race/ethnicity, income, nativity, length of time in U.S., occupational status, shift work status, parity, birth spacing, | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
Maternal pregnancy factors | Pre-pregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain, complications, medication, antibiotic exposure, alcohol/tobacco exposure (from medical chart & reported) | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Acculturation | Brief Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans | ✓ | |||||||
Employment changes | Return to work timing, shift work status | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
Discrimination | Everyday Discrimination Scale | ✓ | |||||||
Maternal distress | Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Maternal knowledge/intentions for infant feeding | Breastfeeding Attrition Prediction Tool | ✓ | |||||||
Maternal sleep | Wrist actigraphy, sleep diaries, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Maternal beliefs about infant sleep | Maternal Cognitions about Infant Sleep Questionnaire | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Gut microbiome * | Double-tip swabs (Microbial genomic DNA) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Breastmilk microbiome * | Manual or breast pump expression | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Feeding Practices & Dietary Intake | Feeding Practices (infants) | Breastfeeding duration, exclusivity, intensity mixed feeding, formula type, etc. via FDA and CDC Infant Feeding Practices study II | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
Dietary Intake (mothers and infants) | Introduction to solid foods and early infant feeding amount/duration via direct query & 3 self-reported dietary records (evaluated with Minnesota Nutrition Data System for Research (NDSR)) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Environment | Home environment | Home Observation for the Measurement of the Environment Inventory (HOME) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
Daycare environment | FDA and CDC Daycare Arrangements and Feeding Practices | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
Food security | USDA Household Food Security Survey | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||
Tobacco exposure | Direct query | ✓ | |||||||
Infant sleep environment | Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire (e.g., bed-sharing, sleep position) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||
Maternal-Child Interactions | Maternal-child interactions | Home Observation for the Measurement of the Environment Inventory (HOME), Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
Bedtime interactions | Parental Interactive Bedtime Behaviors Scale | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
Feeding Interactions | Maternal-child feeding interactions | Infant Feeding Style Questionnaire | ✓ | ✓ | |||||