Table 2 Association between adversity, stress, and social support in pregnancy and having a ‘high-arousal’ infant compared with having a ‘social’ infant

Maternal age

1.18 (0.97, 1.43)

1.28 (1.02, 1.59)

ACEs

0.91 (0.70, 1.19)

0.86 (0.62, 1.18)

 ≤ 2

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

 > 2

1.25 (0.34, 4.66)

0.78 (0.17, 3.56)

Race

Other

1.00 (ref)

1.00 (ref)

Black

0.28 (0.07, 1.03)

0.18 (0.04, 0.83)

Perceived Stress ^a

0.95 (0.89, 1.04)

0.95 (0.86, 1.05)

Pregnancy-Specific Stress ^a

Frequency hassles: uplifts

1.22 (0.82, 1.83)

1.47 (0.93, 2.33)

Intensity hassles: uplifts

1.88 (0.64, 5.47)

1.92 (0.53, 6.99)

Cortisol (n = 28) ^a

pg./mg

0.86 (0.66, 1.12)

0.65 (0.80, 1.19)

 ≥ 5.5 versus < 5.5

0.60 (0.11, 3.30)

0.67 (0.10, 4.25)

Social Support (highest Quartile versus Quartiles 1–3) ^a

Appraisal

1.56 (0.38, 6.41)

1.31 (0.26, 6.69)

Belonging

4.90 (0.92, 25.9)

6.38 (0.76, 54.48)

Self-esteem

1.05 (0.23, 4.76)

1.36 (0.22, 8.47)

Tangible

2.76 (0.61, 12.47)

4.0 (0.64, 25.0)